英国地方自治体制研究

发布时间：2018-01-03 00:28

  本文关键词：英国地方自治体制研究　出处：《南开大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

  更多相关文章： 英国政治 地方政府 地方自治 地方治理

【摘要】：英国是一个具有深厚地方自治传统的单一制国家,地方主义、自治和法治传统、以及自由主义和个人主义、多元主义、参与主义、经验主义和实用主义的政治文化是其地方自治的基础。英国地方政府的形成早于中央政府,经历了早期地方自治的形成演变、现代地方自治的发展和地方自治变革三个阶段。英国是世界上最早建构起现代地方自治体制的国家,也是二十世纪以来最早实行地方自治改革的国家。然而二战以来,英国的中央集权趋势日增。20世纪后期,地方自治受到很大削弱,中央与地方矛盾日益尖锐。地方政府要求打破限制、寻求更多自治权力,自我创新愿望不断增强,双方呈现出持续性权力关系博弈的状况。 在英国,影响其地方自治发展变革的因素主要包括：地方政府的差异性和创新性因素、单一制国家结构形式、诸种政治哲学理念以及政治、经济和社会环境等。英国的区域政治传统、地方政府的多样性和创新能力、新的地方治理理念以及全球化趋势和欧盟为英国地方政府提供的发展机会等,都推动着英国地方自治的发展。尽管如此,基于英国的单一制体制、不成文宪法和议会主权传统,使英国不具有保护地方自治的成文法和大多数欧洲国家地方政府所拥有的“一般权限”。地方政府被视为“议会的创造物”,受到越权原则的限制,地方的财政权限不断受到侵蚀。在城市化和工业化的进程中,由于地方政府无法单独应对发展中出现的新的挑战,需要中央政府的援助和规范,从而导致中央政府更多的控制。此外,英国的政党也将地方政府作为彼此间相互竞争的场所,参与到地方政治和社会活动中,进而限制了地方的自主性和活力。在错综复杂的地方政治过程中,诸种因素纵横交错,共同推动和抑制着英国地方自治的发展。 英国地方自治问题,同时也是英国中央和地方的关系问题。英国的中央政府和地方政府在不同历史时期呈现出不同的关系结构特征。从早期王权与地方分权并存到二元政体,发展到现代地方政府体制下中央集权主义与地方主义并存,再到当代地方治理下中央和地方的新型“伙伴关系”。不同时期双方关系结构的重心不同。基于英国悠久的地方自治传统,长期以来,英国人始终尊重地方自治的现实,并希望此种地方政府体制能够继续发挥其功能,在此基础上,进而出现了“新地方主义”,即综合中央主义和地方主义的新的发展趋势。英国的地方自治体制是中央集权型的地方自治类型,此种类型体现为一种矛盾体,既具有浓厚的地方自治传统、又呈现为中央政府不断侵蚀地方权力,不断走向集权的趋势。
[Abstract]:Britain is a monolithic country with a profound tradition of local autonomy, localism, self-government and the rule of law, as well as liberalism and individualism, pluralism, and participation. The political culture of empiricism and pragmatism is the basis of local autonomy. The formation of local government in Britain was earlier than that of central government, and it experienced the formation and evolution of early local autonomy. Britain is the first country in the world to construct the modern local autonomy system. It was also the first country to carry out the reform of local self-government since 20th century. However, since World War II, the trend of centralization in Britain has increased. In the late 20th century, local self-government was greatly weakened. The contradiction between the central government and the local government is increasingly sharp. The local government demands to break down the restrictions, seek more autonomous power, and the desire for self-innovation is constantly strengthened, and the two sides present the situation of continuous power relationship game. In Britain, the factors that influence the development and transformation of local autonomy include the differences and innovative factors of local government, the single system of state structure, various political philosophy ideas and politics. The economic and social environment, the British regional political tradition, the diversity and innovation of local governments, the new concept of local governance, the trend of globalization and the development opportunities provided by the European Union for British local governments, etc. Despite the fact that there is a single system based on the United Kingdom, there is no written constitution or tradition of parliamentary sovereignty. The statute law that prevents Britain from protecting local self-government and the "general competence" of local governments in most European countries... the local government is considered a "creation of Parliament" and is limited by the principle of ultra vires. Local fiscal authority is constantly eroded. In the process of urbanization and industrialization, central government assistance and regulation are required because local governments are unable to meet the new challenges arising from development alone. This has led to more central government control. In addition, political parties in the United Kingdom use local governments as a forum for competing with each other and participate in local political and social activities. In the complicated process of local politics, various factors crisscrossed and jointly promoted and restrained the development of British local autonomy. The question of British Home Rule. At the same time, it is also a question of the relationship between the central government and the local government in Britain. The central government and the local government in the United Kingdom have different structural characteristics of relations in different historical periods, from the coexistence of Wang Quan and local decentralization to dualism in the early period of history. Under the modern local government system, centralism and regionalism coexist. Then to the new "partnership" between the central and local governments under the contemporary local governance. The structure of the relationship between the two sides is different in different periods, based on the long tradition of local autonomy in Britain, for a long time. The British always respected the reality of local autonomy, and hoped that the local government system would continue to play its role. On this basis, the emergence of "new localism". That is to say, the new development trend of centralism and regionalism. The system of local autonomy in Britain is a centralized type of local autonomy, which is reflected as a contradiction and has a strong tradition of local autonomy. Also presents the central government unceasingly erodes the local power, unceasingly moves toward the centralization tendency.
【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D756.1
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本文编号：1371595