新中国“一边倒”外交政策的确立及其影响研究

发布时间：2018-01-20 02:56

本文关键词： 新中国外交一边倒交政策意识形态国家利益　出处：《延安大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：建国之后我国推行的外交政策表现出鲜明的“一边倒”倾向,主要的外交策略是和苏联等社会主义国家结盟。这一特殊外交政策出现的背后存在诸多影响因素,既有来自国际社会环境的因素,也有来自我国内部的主观因素。从外部的国际环境来说,建国之初的国际社会正处在意识形态交锋的态势之中,尽管“热战”性质的战争已经结束,但是冷战的序幕却又悄然拉开,资本主义和社会主义阵营针锋相对。苏联这一当时的社会主义领袖国家为了加强社会主义阵营力量,保障自身国家利益,对我国推行“一边倒”外交政策十分支持。而当时的资本主义阵营领袖国家美国,无论是从政治理念还是国家利益角度出发,其国内主流政治观念都认为要对新中国保持冷遇乃至敌对态度。我国内部的外交主张除外部环境之外,主要考虑了三点因素。首先我国不可能倒向美国等西方国家,更不可能在社会主义和资本主义阵营之中保持超然的独立身份;其次,我国无论是发展科技、工业还是经济的方面的需求都需要依赖苏联的支持;最后,同为社会主义国家,苏联与我国的意识形态基本一致。鉴于种种因素,建国后我国外交“一边倒”的支持苏联等社会主义国家并不令人意外。不难看出,当时我国外交政策方针是在内外因素作用下最为合理与符合逻辑的。但外交政策显然无法一蹴而就的推行,我国从制定相应政策到真正形成“一边倒”外交态势,还是经历了一定的过程,其中分为数个阶段,以刘少奇和毛泽东两位领导人前往苏联访问作为关键转折点。1950年我国与苏联对外联合发布《中苏友好同盟互助条约》的声明就是我国外交“一边倒”局面正式开启的标识。建国后我国面临着来自以美国等资本主义国家的敌对,国际生存环境十分恶劣。为了维护我国的国家利益和革命成果,“一边倒”外交不失为很好的反击方式。这也确实帮助我国顺利度过了建国之初的政治、经济等方面的羸弱阶段,迅速实现了一定程度的国家复兴。不过这一外交政策的缺陷也是显而易见的,我国的内外政策制定受到了来自苏联的诸多制约,对外开放的进程停滞不前。并且在不少国家方针,譬如经济体制的选择上一味复制苏联体制,忽视了我国社会发展的实际需求。而后国际环境的变化,导致我国与苏联的意识形态鸿沟不断加深,国家利益矛盾越来越难以调和。上世纪五六十年代时,我国与苏联出现了十分激烈的意识形态争论,而苏联的侵略政策更是让两国进入了热战状态,“一边倒”外交政策最终破产。回顾推行“一边倒”外交政策的起源和结果,我们可以从中学习到许多宝贵的外交经验,对于国家意识形态和利益的关系要正确处理,外交更是要保持独立和自主,不能成为任何国家外交政策的附庸。
[Abstract]:After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the foreign policy pursued by our country showed a clear tendency of "one-sided", and the main diplomatic strategy was to form an alliance with socialist countries such as the Soviet Union. There were many influential factors behind the emergence of this special foreign policy. From the external international environment, the international community at the beginning of the founding of the country is in the situation of ideological confrontation. Although the "hot war" nature of the war has ended, but the prelude of the cold war quietly opened again. The Soviet Union, the socialist leader of the time, aimed to strengthen the strength of the socialist camp and safeguard its own national interests. The United States, the leader of the capitalist camp at that time, was very supportive of China's "one-sided" foreign policy, both in terms of political ideas and national interests. Its domestic mainstream political ideas all think that we should maintain a cold and even hostile attitude towards the new China, and our internal diplomatic views are in addition to the external environment. First of all, China can not turn to the United States and other Western countries, let alone in the socialist and capitalist camp to maintain an independent identity; Secondly, China needs the support of the Soviet Union for the development of science and technology, industry and economy. Finally, being a socialist country, the Soviet Union and our country's ideology are basically the same. In view of various factors, it is not surprising that China's diplomacy "unilaterally" supported the Soviet Union and other socialist countries after the founding of the people's Republic of China, and it is not difficult to see. At that time, China's foreign policy policy was the most reasonable and logical under the action of internal and external factors, but foreign policy obviously could not be carried out overnight. China has experienced a certain process from formulating corresponding policies to forming a "one-sided" diplomatic situation, which can be divided into several stages. Liu Shaoqi and Mao Zedong's visit to the Soviet Union was a key turning point. On 1950, China and the Soviet Union jointly issued the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance, which was "one-sided" in China's diplomacy. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, China is facing hostility from capitalist countries such as the United States. In order to safeguard our country's national interests and revolutionary achievements, "one-sided" diplomacy is a good way to counterattack, which really helped our country through the politics at the beginning of the founding of the country. In the weak stage of economy and so on, a certain degree of national rejuvenation was quickly realized. However, the defects of this foreign policy were also obvious, and the domestic and foreign policy formulation of our country was restricted by many constraints from the Soviet Union. The process of opening to the outside world has stagnated, and in many national policies, such as the choice of economic system blindly copied the Soviet system, ignoring the actual needs of social development in China, and then the changes in the international environment. As a result, the ideological gap between China and the Soviet Union is deepening, and the contradiction of national interests is becoming more and more difficult to reconcile. In 0th century, in the 1950s and 1960s, there was a very fierce ideological debate between China and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union's aggressive policy made the two countries enter into a state of hot war, and the "one-sided" foreign policy finally went bankrupt. Review the origin and results of the "one-sided" foreign policy. We can learn many valuable diplomatic experiences from which we should correctly handle the relationship between national ideology and interests, and diplomacy should be independent and independent, and should not be an appendage of any country's foreign policy.
【学位授予单位】：延安大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D820

【参考文献】