吕祖谦对《四书》的研究

发布时间：2018-02-14 01:02

  本文关键词： 吕祖谦 四书 理学　出处：《西北大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：目前学界对《四书》的研究集中在二程、朱熹等理学家上,对吕祖谦《四书》学思想的探讨,尚没有形成完整的研究成果。本文尝试对这方面进行系统地整理归纳,并进行一些理论分析研究,希望能够让宋代《四书》学研究以及吕学研究更加完善。吕祖谦的学术生涯是在南宋时期,当时社会内忧外患,政治、经济面临着很多挑战,社会道德有滑坡的趋势,这样的社会背景对吕祖谦思想有一定的影响,促使吕祖谦思考了很多与现实有关的问题。吕祖谦又有着一定的家学渊源,吕氏前代学人对《四书》很重视,这也使吕祖谦终生对《四书》都有浓厚的兴趣。在对《四书》的哲学思想进行阐释的时候,吕祖谦主要从天理、仁说、修养论三个角度来分析。吕祖谦认为世间万物只有一个理,理在自然界与人世间都有体现,两者之间是相通的,并遵循着理一分殊的原则。人应该去主动认识理,对理的认识不能有丝毫损益。吕祖谦对儒家重视的仁观念进行阐释,认为仁是一切道德的总原则,并对仁做了具体阐释。吕祖谦重视内在修养,认为人应该向内挖掘内心中的善,提高自身的修养。在对《四书》的政治思想解释的时候,吕祖谦认为政治的原则是为政以德,而不是智力、诈术。为官者的个人素质非常重要,吕祖谦以《四书》为蓝本进行阐发,说明了为官者应具有自重、取信他人、注重言辞等应有的修养。吕祖谦还强调了评判为官的好坏要重视官员施政的实际效果,并提出应给予官员一定的容错纠错空间。在理想人格方面,吕祖谦认为人应当立大志、养成坚毅不拔的性格,追溯古代的圣贤。与朱熹《四书章句集注》比较,吕祖谦对《四书》的研究,其义理略微单薄,解释略为琐碎,甚至在解经时还有一些两可之语;吕祖谦在解经时善用比喻论证,并且善用人们日常接触的事物类比说明。与张拭《论语说》、《孟子解》比较,在义利之辨的问题上,张拭见识高明,他提出了公利与私利之分;吕祖谦则强调了义在利先,提出官员应在义利问题上为民众做出义在利先的表率,引导社会风气。吕祖谦对《四书》研究的特点有:注重义理阐发,从哲学、政治、义利之辨等多角度入手,善用日常生活的事情类比。同时,吕祖谦对《四书》的研究未能建立一套严密的《四书》学思想体系,在具体的解释中也有前后矛盾之处。
[Abstract]:At present, the academic research on the "four Books" is focused on the second stage, Zhu Xi and other Neo-Confucianism, and the discussion of Lu Zu-qian 's thought of "four Books" has not yet formed a complete research result. This paper attempts to systematize and sum up this aspect. He also conducted some theoretical analysis and studies, hoping to make the study of "four Books" in the Song Dynasty and the study of Lu Xue more perfect. Lu Zuqian's academic career was during the Southern Song Dynasty, when the society was facing many challenges, both internal and external, political and economic. There is a tendency for social morality to decline. This social background has a certain impact on Lu Zu-qian 's thinking, which urges him to think about a lot of problems related to reality. Lu Zuqian also has certain family origins. Lu's former scholars attached great importance to the fourth Book, which also made Lu Zuqian have a strong interest in the fourth Book all his life. When he explained the philosophy of the fourth Book, Lu Zuqian mainly took it from heaven, Ren said. According to Lu Zuqian, there is only one reason for all things in the world, which is embodied in both nature and the world, and the two are interlinked, and follow the principle of difference in reason. One should take the initiative to understand reason. There can be no profit or loss in the understanding of reason. Lu Zuqian explained the Confucian concept of benevolence, which was regarded as the general principle of all morality, and made a concrete explanation of benevolence. Lu Zu-qian attached importance to inner cultivation. When explaining the political thoughts of the four Books, Lu Zu-qian believes that the principle of politics is to govern by virtue, not intelligence. The personal quality of the official is very important. Lu Zuqian explained with the "four Books" as the model, that the official should have self-respect and trust others. Attention should be paid to the cultivation of words and so on. Lu Zuqian also stressed that the good or bad of judging as an official should attach importance to the actual effect of his administration, and suggested that officials should be given some room for tolerance and error correction. In terms of his ideal personality, Lu Zu-chien believed that people should set a great aim. Compared with Zhu Xi, Lu Zuqian's research on the "four Books" is slightly weak, the explanation is a little trivial, and even in the interpretation of the scriptures there are some two words; Lu Zuqian makes good use of metaphorical argumentation in his interpretation of the Sutra and the analogy of things that people come into contact with everyday. Compared with Zhang Wu's Analects of Confucius and Mencius' interpretation, Zhang Tu has a good sense of justice and benefit, and he puts forward the distinction between public and private interests. On the other hand, Lu Zuqian stressed that justice should prevail over profit, and that officials should set an example for the public on the issue of righteousness and interest, and guide the social ethos. Lu Zuqian's research on the four Books is characterized by the following: emphasis on the interpretation of righteousness and reason, philosophy, and politics. At the same time, Lu Zuqian's research on "four Books" failed to establish a set of strict "four Books" learning thought system, and there were some contradictions in the concrete explanation.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：B222.1
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本文编号：1509515