论晁错及西汉新法家

发布时间：2018-02-28 09:19

本文关键词： 晁错新法家削藩历史观人性论本位观　出处：《河南大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：法家作为先秦诸子中的重要一支，它的主要政治目标是否定世袭贵族代代传承的封建等级制度，建立新的君主专制的中央集权政治体制。法家发轫于战国初的李悝，大盛于商鞅，集大成于韩非，在其思想理论的指导下，秦始皇“吞二周而亡诸侯,履至尊而制六合”，缔造了秦王朝的辉煌，也使法家思想的影响达于极盛。但重刑伤民，秦的灭亡使法家名声扫地，法家开始走向衰落。而从秦亡到汉武“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”的六七十年间，出现了一个“后战国时代”。诸子百家重新活跃，并针对新的历史形势改造和包装自己，先后出现了“新儒家”和“新道家”，以晁错为代表的“新法家”则与之形成鼎足之势。晁错作为汉文帝、汉景帝时期的政治家、思想家。他在升平治世之中看到了西汉王朝严重的政治危机，面对汉初日渐严重的诸侯王问题、匈奴问题、土地兼并问题等，都有针对性地提出了务实的解决方案。如针对诸侯王问题的“削藩策”，针对匈奴问题的“戍边策”和针对贫富悬殊问题的“重农策”等，涉及到政治、经济、社会和军事等各个方面。这些政策主张，尽管在执行中还有这样那样的不足，但总体上还是适应了社会发展的需要，其中不少政策对以后的历代王朝都有普遍的借鉴意义，比如屯田制度。晁错最有影响的政治行为，就是倡导“削藩”并因而推动了封建制的寿终正寝，使中国走上了一条独具特色的历史发展道路。在思想调整上，以晁错为代表的新法家一是受到阴阳五行思想的影响，将商、韩“直线进化”的历史观进行翻新，变成近似螺旋发展的循环历史观，并且以之为理据，反对“无为而治”，要求皇帝“躬亲”有为。二是商、韩利用人性的“趋利避害”，强调赏罚和暴力，目标是“得天下”。新法家改定政治目标为“安天下”，于是去除传统法家的“因人情”，而把儒家的“得人心”（人之“欲寿”、“欲富”、“欲安”之心）拿过来，以让“天下乐其政”，在治国理政上形成一种温和平实的风格。三是晁错在批判秦政的基础上摒弃了申、韩尤其是李斯理论上的极端“君主本位”，一方面实现了对前期法家商鞅、慎到“国家本位”的回归，一方面吸收儒家“仁者爱人”的思想，以使法家面貌显得更加柔和。汉武之后“新法家”终被抛弃，不是君主怀疑它的忠诚和功效，而是儒家实现了一次华丽转身，其内涵不但包含了法家思想的合理成分，而且还能提供法家不具备的深厚文化传统，更有利于维持政权的长治久安。法家的潮起潮落，都是皇权-官僚阶级从自身利益出发精心选择的结果，但同时也由于其自身的一些难以克服的缺陷。首先，在法家思想的理论和实践中，，缺少一种能使君臣民众全覆盖的共同为之奋斗的理想目标，这一点从某种程度上减弱了人们自觉遵守社会约束的积极性。其次，法家思想所依托的师承关系和学派组织并不严格规整，随着社会环境的变化，法家在组织方面的缺陷逐渐暴露，最终阻碍了其扩大影响的道路。再次，法家思想所衍生出的政策虽然高效有力，却通常简单粗暴，对民众缺乏欺骗性。随着统治阶级政权的稳固，社会的和谐稳定成为首要目标。晁错的新法家思想虽然吸收了各家学说，讲究平和执政，但法家理论自身的内在缺陷却并未得到根本性的改变。尽管法家学派随着汉武帝“独尊儒术”政策的实行退出了历史舞台，但法家思想在其后两千多年的历史长河中，并没有真正的销声匿迹。虽然“独尊儒术”后法家再也没有代表性的思想家和论著出现，但法家的思想却一直以“潜流”的形式影响着古代社会的政治进程。
[Abstract]:As the pre Qin Legalists in an important one, whether it be the main political objective eupatrid inherited the feudal hierarchy, the establishment of a new political centralization monarchy. Legalism originated in the early Warring States Li Kui, Sheng Yu Shangyang, epitomized by Han Fei, in its thought under the guidance of the theory, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty "swallow two weeks from the princes, and the Liuhe supreme shoe", created the Qin Dynasty brilliant, also made Legalism to reach its heyday. But severe hurt people, the fall of the Qin Dynasty to the reputation of the legalist school, began to decline.
From the Qin Dynasty to Han "deposed 100, only Confucianism" in sixty or seventy years, the emergence of a "post Warring States era. All classes of authors re active, and according to the new historical situation and transformation of their packaging, has appeared in the" New Confucianism "and" Neo Taoism ", by chaocuo as the representative of the" new legalist "then with the formation of a situation dominated by three powerful rivals.
Chaocuo as the Han Emperor, Han Emperor statesman, thinker. He saw a serious political crisis in the Western Han Dynasty and Shengping, facing the increasingly serious problem of princes, the early Han Dynasty, the land acquisition issues, has put forward practical solutions. As for the leuds problem "cut apart policy", "according to the Huns border policy" and the wealth gap problem of "agriculture" policy, involving political, economic, social and military aspects. These policies, although in the implementation there are such problems, but on the whole, or to meet the need of the social development. There are many meaningful policies on the later dynasties, such as the DA system. The most influential chaocuo political behavior, is advocating "cut apart" and thus to promote the feudal system of the end of life is sleep, so Chinese A unique historical development path has been taken.
In the thought of adjustment, the new legalist by chaocuo as a representative of the impact by the thoughts of Yin Yang and five elements will be taking, "Han linear evolution" view of history of the renovation, a approximate spiral development cycle of history, and as the rationale, against the "Inaction", "hands-on" requirements of the emperor there is two. Taking advantage of human, South Korea "advantages", emphasizing the punishment and violence, the goal is "to the world". The new legalist changed political goals, "the world", and to remove the traditional Legalists "because of human", and the Confucian "popular" (the "for life". "For the rich", "desire" of the heart) to take over, so that "the world" politics ", formed a gentle plain style in governing the country. The three is based on the criticism of Qin chaocuo's abandoned Shen, Han Youqi is Li Si's Theory on" extreme monarchy, a standard "before the implementation of The period of Shang Yang, Shen to "return to the national standard", on the one hand, Confucian "benevolence" thought, to make the appearance of Legalists more soft.
After Han Wudi "new Legalists was eventually abandoned, not doubt the loyalty and effectiveness of its monarch, but Confucianism to achieve a gorgeous, its connotation contains not only the reasonable composition of legalism, but also provide the deep cultural tradition Legalists do not have, more conducive to maintaining the regime. The long period of stability the ebb and flow of all is the imperial power and bureaucracy from their own interests of carefully selected results, but also because of some shortcomings of its own. First, in the theory and practice of legalism, the lack of a can make the ideal target for common people and full coverage, from this point to a certain extent. The enthusiasm of people consciously abide by social constraints. Secondly, based on the legalist thought the teacher-student relationship and school organization is not strictly structured, with the changes of social environment, the defects of Legalism in the organization The final gradually exposed, hinders its expand the impact of the road. Thirdly, Legalism derived policy although effective, but usually simple and rough, lack of deceptive people. With the ruling class of political stability, social harmony and stability as the primary goal. Chaocuo new legalist thought although absorbed various theories, stress level and the ruling, but the theory has its own inherent defects has not been fundamentally changed.
Although the legalist school with the Han Dynasty, "Confucianism" policy from the stage of history, but the thought of Legalists in the subsequent two thousand years of history, and not really disappeared. Although the "Confucianism only" is no longer the legalist thinker and representative works, but the thinking has been to "flow" the influence of ancient society in the political process.

【学位授予单位】：河南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：K234.1

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