18-20世纪初俄罗斯绘画作品中的彼得一世形象分析

发布时间：2018-03-12 11:52

本文选题：彼得一世　切入点：形象　出处：《北京外国语大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：彼得一世(1672年一1725年),后世称其为"彼得大帝",1682年即位,1689年掌握实权发动改革。彼得大帝一般被认为是俄罗斯最杰出的皇帝。可以说,近代俄国的政治、经济、文化、教育、科技等方面的发展史无不源于彼得大帝时代。普希金曾说,"至于彼得大帝,他一个人就是一整部历史! "1毫不夸张地说,没有彼得一世和他实行的改革措施,就不会有18世纪中后期强大的俄罗斯帝国。然而,彼得一世的改革用极其野蛮和残暴的手段强行割断俄罗斯的传统生活方式,代之以欧洲生活典范的做法也引起了许多人的不满和历史学家的争议。从彼得时代至今,历史学家对彼得一世及其改革的评价依然褒贬不一。他既是残忍的暴君,复杂多变、独断专行,又是伟大的政治家,励精图治、大胆改革。就是这样一个充满争议、矛盾、又极其重要的历史人物吸引了诸多俄罗斯和外国画家的兴趣。从彼得大帝时期至今,在俄罗斯共计近200幅有关沙皇改革家的各类画作,其中包括肖像画、历史画、风俗画、讽刺漫画作品等等。不同时代的画作反映不同时代对彼得一世的社会主流评价和看法,因此本论文的主要任务在于以18—20世纪初不同时代历史学家和哲学家对彼得一世的主流评价为基础,按照时间顺序全面客观地分析不同时代俄罗斯绘画作品中所塑造的不同的彼得一世形象,并由此总结从18至20世纪初不同时代艺术家画笔下彼得一世形象的演变规律。本论文的创新之处主要体现在以下三点:首先,目前在国内外,关于18-20世纪初俄罗斯绘画作品中的彼得一世形象还处于少有人研究的阶段,尤其国内在这方面的研究还处于空白阶段,因此本论文的选题颇具新意,在一定程度上为国内彼得一世的研究添砖加瓦。其次,本论文以俄罗斯不同时代的史学理论为基础,所研究绘画作品也前所未有地涵盖了 18到20世纪初,无论在分析的深度,还是研究材料的时间跨度上,都有本质突破。最后,本论文将各自独立的历史研究领域与绘画研究领域有机地结合起来,是一种跨学科的新型研究思路,为彼得大帝研究提供了新的研究方法和研究视角。本论文由前言、主体部分三章、结语、参考文献和论文所涉绘画作品附录组成:前言部分阐明了该选题的意义,指明了论文的理论和实际意义,提出了论文的研究目的和研究任务,指出了论文的材料来源和创新之处,并介绍了论文的主体结构。论文的第一章主要分析18世纪俄罗斯绘画作品中的彼得一世形象。这一章由三个部分组成,第一部分主要研究18世纪被彼得一世邀请到俄国作画的外国画家的作品,其中包括德国画家约翰·戈特弗里德·唐纳乌艾尔、法国画家路易斯·卡拉瓦克等画家的作品。第二部分则主要探讨18世纪俄罗斯本土画家安德烈·马特维耶夫和伊凡·尼基金的绘画作品中所体现的彼得一世形象,第三部分为本章小结。论文的第二章主要分析19世纪俄罗斯绘画作品中的彼得一世形象。在这一章中我们在前两个小节中分别研究了彼得一世在19世纪俄罗斯绘画作品中被理想化的君主形象和没有被理想化的"人"的形象。艾瓦佐夫斯基、列宾、盖、苏里科夫等一系列著名画家的绘画作品在本章中都有涉及。论文的第三章主要探讨19世纪末至20世纪初俄罗斯艺术世界派画家作品中的彼得一世形象。该章主要分为三小节。第一小节主要以亚历山大·贝努阿、多布任斯基的绘画作品为例,分析了俄罗斯艺术世界派画家作品中戏剧性的彼得一世形象。在第二小节中,着重分析了谢洛夫作品中充满矛盾的彼得一世形象。基于上述对18至20世纪初不同时代艺术家画笔下的彼得一世形象所进行的分析,该论文得出以下几点结论:一、在18世纪被彼得一世邀请到俄国作画的外国画家的作品中,在象征性背景(如天使、胜利花环、勋章、战争场面等)的衬托下,彼得一世大多被塑造为一个伟大、英勇、强有力的君主形象。而在18世纪俄国本土画家的作品中,画家更倾向于不借助任何象征性背景体现彼得大帝本身的人格魅力,以及彼得一世内心世界的描写,如尼基金向我们展示了一个面对死亡无力的矛盾的彼得一世形象。二、在19世纪的俄罗斯绘画作品中,除了大部分画家,如艾瓦佐夫斯基、列宾等继续延续彼得一世传统理想化君主的形象刻画外,部分画家选择为自己的作品中注入更多的现实主义元素和心理刻画的成分。在盖和苏里科夫的作品中,我们看到了一个像普通人一样、内心处于巨大矛盾冲突中的彼得一世形象。三、19世纪末至20世纪初,主要由于变革时代背景的特殊性以及俄罗斯艺术世界派本身所具有的革命性和创新性的特点,彼得一世成为了艺术世界派画家的关注对象。这个时代的俄罗斯绘画艺术总体呈现戏剧性、装饰性的特点,如在贝努阿的作品中,彼得一世的形象并不是一个真实的存在,而更像是一个不明的幻影,是一种改革和西欧主义的象征。而谢洛夫笔下的彼得一世则是冲突和矛盾的:他既伟大又可怕,既充满神话色彩又像普通人一般孤独。四、综上所述,从18世纪至20世纪初的俄罗斯绘画作品中的彼得一世形象自始至终都呈现多面性的特点,每个时代都有两种绘画风格相对立。但是不管画家们对彼得一世的形象进行了怎样地刻画,不可否认的是彼得一世对俄罗斯整个历史进程的发展具有不可替代的重大意义。愿本文能帮助中国的俄语学习者们更深入地了解彼得一世和俄罗斯的绘画艺术。
[Abstract]:Peter Thi (1672 1725), later known as the "emperor Peter", in 1682 1689 launched a powerful throne, reform. Emperor Peter is generally considered to be the most outstanding Russian emperor. It can be said that the modern Russian political, economy, culture, education, science and technology and other aspects of the history from the time of Peter the great. Pushkin once said, "as for the emperor Peter, he is a person of a whole history of 1!" it is no exaggeration to say that without Peter and his implementation of the reform measures, there will be no Russian Empire in the late eighteenth Century strong. However, Peter Thi's reforms with extremely brutal and cruel means to cut the traditional way life in Russia, the European model of life has aroused many people's dissatisfaction and historians dispute. Since the Peter era, historians evaluation of Peter Thi and the reform is still not appraise 1. He is a cruel tyrant, complex, autocratic, and a great politician, good governance, bold reform. Is such a controversial and contradictory, and extremely important historical figures attracted many Russian and foreign artists from Peter the great period of interest. So far, in Russia a total of nearly 200 works on the Tsar all kinds of reformer paintings, including a portrait painting, history painting, genre painting, caricature works and so on. In different times, different era paintings reflect the mainstream of social evaluation of Peter Thi and the view, so the main task of this thesis is that from 18 to early twentieth Century the mainstream historians and philosophers in different times of Peter Thi as the foundation, comprehensive and objective analysis of the shape of different era of Russian paintings in different Peter I image according to the time order, and then analyzes from 18 to early twentieth Century Evolution of the image of Peter Thi painted by artists in different times. This thesis innovation is mainly reflected in the following three points: first, at present, about 18-20 century Russian paintings in the image of Peter Thi is still much research stage, especially the domestic research in this area is still in the blank stage. The topic is new, to a certain extent for the domestic research of Peter I do. Secondly, this thesis is based on the different times of the Russian Historiography, the paintings also unprecedented coverage of the 18 to the beginning of twentieth Century, regardless of the depth of analysis, or the research materials on time span, there are essential breakthroughs. Finally, this paper will separate the history of research and research in the field of painting organically, is a new interdisciplinary research way of thinking, is he Provides a new research method and perspective to the research. This thesis consists of the introduction, the main part of the three chapter, conclusion, references and papers involved in painting the appendix: the preface expounds the significance of the topic, points out the theoretical and practical significance, put forward the research aim and task. It pointed out the material sources and innovations, and introduces the main structure of the thesis. The first chapter mainly analyzes the eighteenth Century Russian paintings in the image of Peter Thi. This chapter consists of three parts, the first part of eighteenth Century invited by Peter Thi to the Russian foreign painting painter's works, including the German painter John Gottfried Donauil, French painter Luis Caravac and other artists. The second part is to discuss the eighteenth Century Russian painter. The embodiment of Andre Matveyev and Ivan, the fund's paintings in the image of Peter Thi, the third part is the summary of this chapter. The second chapter mainly analyzes the nineteenth Century Russian paintings in the image of Peter Thi. In this chapter we in the first two sections were studied in Peter Thi in nineteenth Century the Russian paintings are ideal the monarch was not the ideal image and the image of "people". Aivazovsky, Repin, Surikov cover, and a series of famous paintings are involved in this chapter. The third chapter mainly discusses the late nineteenth Century to early twentieth Century Russian art world painter works in the image of Peter Thi. This chapter divided into three sections. The first section mainly by Alexander Benoit, dobrzyn's paintings as an example, analysis of the Russian art world as a painter In the dramatic Peter I image. In the second section, this thesis analyzes the contradiction between the image of Peter Thi is full of love works. By analyzing the 18 to early twentieth Century artists in different times under the brush based on the image of Peter Thi, the paper draws the following conclusion: first, in eighteenth Century Peter Thi was invited to Russia. Foreign artists, in the symbolic background (such as angels, victory wreath, medal, war scenes etc.) the background, Peter I was mostly portrayed as a great, brave, powerful monarch image. In eighteenth Century the Russian local artists, painters tend to reflect Peter's own the charm of personality without the aid of any symbolic background, and Peter I of the description of the inner world, such as: the fund gives us a contradiction in the face of death to Peter I of the image. Two, in the works of Russian painting in nineteenth Century, in addition to most artists, such as Aivazovsky, Repin and Peter Thi continue to follow the traditional ideal monarch image portray, some artists for his works into more realistic elements and psychological components. Depicted on the cover and the Surikov works, we see a heart like ordinary people in great conflict in the image of Peter Thi. In three, at the end of nineteenth Century to early twentieth Century, mainly due to the special nature of the change of era background and characteristics of Russian art world to send the body of revolutionary and innovative, Peter Thi became a painter of the art world. Russia shows an overall concern in this era of dramatic art, decorative features, such as in the works of Benoit, Peter Thi's image is not a true existence In, it is more like a clear vision, is a symbol of reform and western humanism. And love under the pen of Peter Thi is the conflict and contradiction: he is great and terrible, is full of myth like ordinary people alone. Four, to sum up, from eighteenth Century to early twentieth Century Russian painting works the image of Peter Thi in the show features from first to last multi-faceted, every era has two kinds of painting style opposite. But no matter the painters to Peter Thi's image of how to describe, it is undeniable that the irreplaceable significance of Peter Thi Russia throughout the course of history development. This article can help Chinese Russian learners have a deeper understanding of Peter and Russia's art of painting.

【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：J205

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