中日韩政府环境保护制度和措施比较研究

发布时间：2018-04-20 23:21

本文选题：环境保护 + 政府　；参考：《南京大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：环境保护不仅是人民群众最关心、最现实、最直接的问题,也是政府经济结构转型过程中面临的热点和难点。保护自然资源和生态环境是政府社会职能的重要方面,政府应采取各种手段,对由于经济发展、人口膨胀等所造成的环境恶化、自然资源破坏进行恢复、治理、监督和控制,促进经济的可持续发展。环境问题是世界各国政府在现代化文明进程中面临的共同问题,中、日、韩这三个东北亚地区主要国家,在解决国际重大问题方面发挥着日益重要的作用,一衣带水的地缘特征和一脉相承的文化背景使得三国政府在环境保护议题上有相当大的合作空间,日本和韩国政府在环境保护制度和措施方面有许多值得中国政府借鉴的先进经验。日本在战后经济发展过程中,由于一味地追求经济高速增长,曾经一度成为世界上环境污染最严重的国家。70年代开始,日本政府为了应对能源危机大力改革,采取了一系列相当有效的政策措施,形成了清洁、高效的能源系统,使得日本成为世界上能源利用效率最高的国家之一,并成为发达资本主义国家中环境治理较成功的国家。韩国则以1987年民主体制的形成为分水岭,在1987年之前的20年间,韩国保持了非常快速的工业发展,公众和媒体很少关注环境问题,尽管韩国政府在这一时期出台了许多新的环境法律以控制污染,但由于缺乏足够的资源来实施和执行,这些环保法律法规形同虚设,收效甚微；而1987年韩国民主体制产生之后,环境问题逐渐开始真正受到重视,环境治理取得了一定成效。本文回顾了日韩两国的环保历程,比较了两国在环保方面的制度建设和具体措施,发现两国都经历了由“经济发展至上主义”引发环境污染公害,从公民环保意识的觉醒再到政府大力发展循环型经济的过程。日韩两国政府在环保过程中所发挥的作用又不尽相同,日本地方政府在推动环保改革方面发挥了相当重要的作用,甚至促使中央政府不断完善环保法律,制定严格的环保标准,是“自下而上”的“对策反映”路线；韩国地方政府则没有太多的自主权,随着民主化运动的兴起,韩国环保组织和团体开始在政府政策制定过程中发表意见和施加影响,并努力促成各种环境问题的解决,韩国中央政府方才开始接受韩国民间团体和公众对环境问题的监督,将国民“环境权”写入宪法,引入环境纷争调整制度,保障国民基本权益,形成公民社会影响之下政府“自上而下”的严厉改革。中国是世界上最大的发展中国家,进入二十一世纪,伴随中国经济增长的环境与资源问题进一步凸显,大范围生态退化,复合性环境污染日益严重,资源全面紧张,中国政府近年来不断完善环境基本法建设,然而,中国的环境法律法规并未收到相应的效果,仍在重蹈日、韩两国工业化进程中公害泛滥的覆辙。虽然中国在环保行政、环保产业和技术方面实施了一些政策措施,但都缺乏力度,治标不治本,仍然没有有效避免发达国家曾经历的“先污染后治理”的老路,环境形势甚至更为严峻。实现环境与发展的战略转型是一个漫长而艰苦的过程,面临着一系列挑战。本文将中国政府与日韩政府在环境保护方面所建立的制度和采取的措施进行比较,从政府和市场之间的关系、政府对产业结构的调整、地方政府发挥的作用、法律法规和诉讼制度、公民社会的参与程度等角度阐述了三国政府的不同做法,分析各国政府在履行生态环境保护这一社会职能方面的有效做法和一些弊端,提出中国政府环境保护管理应采取的对策,要加强以环境污染预防和常规生态保护为核心的环境管理,实施涵盖政治、经济、科技、文化等各领域的一体化环境保护战略措施,同时还应积极推动区域环保合作。中国政府面临严峻的环境现状,应充分认识到在经济发展成果之外,还有人类生存的可持续问题；在政府与市场之外,还有公民社会。可持续发展理念要求中国的制度建设要富有新意、对策措施要触及根本。
[Abstract]:Environmental protection is not only the most concerned, most realistic, and most direct problems of the people, but also a hot and difficult point in the process of the transformation of the government's economic structure. The protection of natural resources and the ecological environment is an important aspect of the government's social functions. The government should take various means to improve the environmental deterioration caused by economic development and population expansion. It is the common problem that the governments of all countries in the world are facing in the process of modern civilization. The three major countries of Northeast Asia, China, Japan and Korea, play an increasingly important role in solving major international problems. The cultural background of characteristics and one continuous line makes the three governments have considerable space for cooperation on environmental protection. The government of Japan and South Korea have many advanced experiences for reference by the Chinese government in environmental protection system and measures. In the course of post-war economic development, Japan had been pursuing rapid economic growth, once a long time. In order to deal with the energy crisis, the Japanese government has taken a series of fairly effective policies and measures to deal with the energy crisis in the.70 years. Japan has become one of the countries with the highest energy efficiency in the world and became a developed capitalist country. In the country with more successful environmental governance. South Korea was the watershed in the formation of the 1987 democratic system. In the 20 years prior to 1987, South Korea maintained a very rapid industrial development. The public and the media paid little attention to environmental issues. Although the Korean government issued a number of new environmental laws to control pollution during this period, it is lack of sufficient conditions. Enough resources to be implemented and implemented, these environmental laws and regulations are virtually empty and inefficient, and environmental problems have gradually begun to be really paid attention to after the emergence of the Korean democratic system in 1987. The environmental governance has achieved certain results. This paper reviews the environmental protection process of Japan and South Korea and compares the system construction and specific environmental protection of the two countries. It has been found that both countries have experienced the environmental pollution pollution caused by "economic development supremacy", from the awakening of citizens' awareness of environmental protection to the process of the government's vigorous development of circular economy. The role played by the government of Japan and South Korea in the environmental protection process is different, and the Japanese government has played a considerable role in promoting environmental reform. The important role, even prompting the central government to constantly improve the environmental protection laws and establish strict environmental standards, is a "bottom-up" "countermeasure reflection" route; the Korean local government does not have much autonomy. With the rise of the democratization movement, the Korean environmental organization and the group have begun to express their opinions in the process of government policy making and in the process of government policy making. The central government of the South Korean Central Government has begun to accept the supervision of the environmental issues by the Korean civil society and the public, and put the national "environmental rights" into the constitution, introducing the system of environmental dispute adjustment, guaranteeing the basic rights and interests of the national people, and forming a "top-down" government under the influence of civil society. China is the largest developing country in the world. In twenty-first Century, the environmental and resource problems associated with China's economic growth have been further highlighted, the ecological degradation of the large scale, the increasing pollution of the complex environment and the overall shortage of resources, the Chinese government has continuously improved the construction of the basic law of the environment in recent years. However, the environmental law of China The law has not received the corresponding effect, still repeating the mistakes of public hazards in the process of industrialization in Japan and Korea. Although China has implemented some policies and measures in the environmental protection administration, the environmental protection industry and the technology, they are all lack of strength and the management of the standard, and still has not effectively avoided the old road of "first pollution after pollution control" that developed by the developed countries. The strategic transformation of environment and development is a long and hard process and faces a series of challenges. This paper compares the system and measures adopted by the Chinese government and the government of Japan and South Korea on environmental protection, from the relationship between the government and the market, and the adjustment of the government to the industrial structure, The role of the local government, the laws and regulations, the litigation system, the participation degree of the civil society, and so on, expounded the different practices of the Three Kingdoms, analyzed the effective practices and some drawbacks of the governments in the implementation of the social functions of the ecological environment protection, and put forward the countermeasures to be taken to strengthen the environmental protection management of the Chinese government. Environmental pollution prevention and conventional ecological protection are the core environmental management, implementing the integrated environmental protection strategy covering political, economic, scientific and cultural and other fields. At the same time, the regional environmental protection cooperation should be actively promoted. The Chinese government is faced with a severe environmental situation, and it should be fully realized that the economic development results and human survival should be fully realized. The sustainable development concept requires China's system construction to be new, and the countermeasures must be touched on the root.

【学位授予单位】：南京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X321

【参考文献】