近2.5ka来博斯腾湖流域环境演变与人类文明的关系研究

发布时间：2018-05-03 08:06

本文选题：博斯腾湖 + 气候环境演变　；参考：《新疆师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：历史时期博斯腾湖流域的气候和生态环境经历了巨大的变化,如水系的变化和湖泊的展缩,绿洲、故城(镇)的消亡与废弃等,这些变化最终都归结于气候与环境的自然演化,叠加上人类不断对大自然的索取而共同作用的结果。关于环境演变的研究,主要是通过对博斯腾湖湖相沉积物所反映的古气候和环境信息载体的代用指标进行气候重建。而博斯腾湖流域历史时期的人类文明进程主要是将历史文献法与考古学资料相结合,以故城(镇)、交通线路和河流为主线,通过查阅大量的相关文献信息来分析总结。(1)近2.5ka来,博斯腾湖流域所在的整个南疆地区的气候环境演变模式上的变化主要以相对冷湿和相对暖干的交替为主,并将其大致划分为四大相对气候期:500BC~100AD,相对冷湿期,水份条件较好,有利于农作物生长;100~650AD,相对暖干期,气候环境条件较差;650~1000AD,相对冷湿期,温度降低,降水较多;1000AD至今,相对暖干期,出现异常干旱气候,以干旱化为主,期间有几次冷暖波动出现。(2)通过对2.5ka来博斯腾湖流域现存古文化遗址(古城(镇)、古河道及古交通线路)的分布、历史时期屯垦活动及政治经济活动的变迁史三大方面的简单概括,对该地区的人类文明活动的变迁过程及原因进行了总结分析,得出,人类历史时期的活动范围在空间和时间尺度上均呈现出一定的规律性,以屯垦活动为代表的农业文明活动也是时兴时衰,历史时期该区域内的各邦国(主古焉耆国)的政治活动的变迁与中原各政权的兴衰具有一定的关联性,即,在中原政权相对稳定繁荣时期,焉耆地区受中原地区的管辖,政局稳定,经济往来密切;在中原政权相对跌宕没落时期,焉耆地区主要受西域强权的控制,政局不稳定,经济、生产生活都受到了严重的影响。(3)历史时期博斯腾湖流域气候环境的干湿变化与古人类文明之间存在着某种内在的关系。一方面,由于气候的变化,造成水热条件的不同,引起农、牧业经济的相应变化,使人类生存环境、条件变化,进而影响到政局的稳定和人口的变化。另一方面,由于人类活动的变化,反过来又可能会影响到环境的演变。与人类活动的活跃、能动性相比,自然环境是缓慢变化的,人类活动有时甚至是决定着自然环境变化过程、特点及类型。人类活动对自然环境的干预度加强,如博斯腾湖流域历史时期的战争与宗教活动、不合理的引水灌溉、引起的河流下游地区盐碱化等,均会引起该地区自然环境的变化日趋迅速。博斯腾湖流域的演变历史是以新疆为代表的亚欧大陆干旱区演变历史的缩影。
[Abstract]:During the historical period, the climate and ecological environment of the Bosten Lake basin underwent tremendous changes, such as the change of water system and the expansion of lakes, the extinction and abandonment of oases, old cities (towns), and so on. These changes were ultimately attributed to the natural evolution of climate and environment. The result of the combined action of man's constant demands on nature. The study of environmental evolution is mainly based on the climate reconstruction of paleoclimate and environmental information carrier reflected by Bosten Lake sediments. And the course of human civilization in the historical period of Bosten Lake basin is mainly to combine historical literature method with archaeological data, take the old city (town, traffic route and river as the main line), analyze and sum up the near 2.5ka by consulting a lot of relevant literature information. The change of climate and environment evolution pattern in the whole southern Xinjiang area of Bosten Lake basin is dominated by the alternation of relative cold and humidity and relatively warm and dry, and it is roughly divided into four relative climatic periods: 1: 500 BCX 100AD. In the relative cold and wet periods, the water content is better. It is beneficial to crop growth in the range of 100 ~ 650AD, relatively warm and dry period, poor climatic and environmental conditions, relatively cold and wet period, lower temperature, more precipitation up to 1000AD, relatively warm and dry period, abnormal arid climate, mainly aridity. During this period, there were several cold and warm fluctuations. (2) the distribution of the existing ancient cultural sites in the Bosten Lake Basin (ancient cities, ancient river courses and ancient traffic lines) through 2.5ka. In this paper, the author summarizes and analyzes the process and causes of the change of human civilization activities in this area, and draws a conclusion that the three major aspects of the history of the history of reclamation and political and economic activities are summarized and analyzed. The range of activities in the period of human history shows certain regularity on both spatial and temporal scales, and the agricultural civilization activities represented by the activities of reclaiming land are also in a state of prosperity and decline. In the historical period, the changes of the political activities of the states (the main ancient Yanqi countries) in this region have certain relations with the rise and fall of the Central Plains, that is, during the relatively stable and prosperous period of the Central Plains regime, the Yanqi region was subject to the jurisdiction of the Central Plains region. The political situation is stable and the economic exchanges are close. During the period of the relative ups and downs of the Central Plains regime, the Yanqi region was mainly controlled by the powers of the Western region, the political situation was unstable, and the economy, In the historical period, there is an inherent relationship between the dry and wet changes of climate environment in the Bosten Lake basin and the ancient human civilization. On the one hand, because of the change of climate, the difference of water and heat conditions, the corresponding changes of agriculture and animal husbandry economy, the change of human living environment and conditions, and the influence of the stability of political situation and the change of population. On the other hand, changes in human activities may, in turn, affect the evolution of the environment. Compared with the active and active human activities, the natural environment changes slowly. Human activities sometimes even determine the process, characteristics and types of natural environment changes. The interference degree of human activities to the natural environment has been strengthened, such as wars and religious activities in the historical period of Bosten Lake Basin, unreasonable irrigation of water diversion, salinization of downstream rivers and so on. Will cause the natural environment of this area to change rapidly day by day. The evolution history of Bosten Lake Basin is the epitome of the Arid region of Eurasia represented by Xinjiang.
【学位授予单位】：新疆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：P532

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