亚里士多德法治思想的基本内涵及当代启示

发布时间：2018-05-18 14:31

本文选题：亚里士多德 + 法治　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：法治建设是现代国家追求政治文明的一种重要方式和途径,也是当下政治文明话题中比较热门的关键词。谈到法治问题,必然要提及到亚里士多德。亚里士多德最早对法治的基本内涵进行了界定并构建出了关于法治的一套相对完整的理论体系,使其成为后世研究法治问题的鼻祖。本文旨在还原亚里士多德法治思想的本来面貌,并提炼出其法治思想的理论精髓,以服务于我国当下的法治建设。亚里士多德法治思想的孕育和产生并非仅仅通过形而上的思辨得来的。当时的古希腊在政治、社会、历史、思想等方面所表现出来的时代独特性特征为亚里士多德法治思想的萌芽、生成及完善奠定了深厚的基础。古希腊众多立法家在现实政治中进行的多次立法实践活动以及以柏拉图为代表的理论思想家的法治思想分别为亚里士多德法治思想的形成提供了现实动力和思想启蒙。在亚里士多德笔下,法律是理智和正义的代表者和捍卫者,是获得个人与城邦德性发展的最有效手段。因此,亚里士多德的法治思想本身包含着深厚的理论和价值基础,包括人性论、中庸至善理论、有限理性以及正义理论。这些理论和价值基础为亚里士多德法治治理方式的选择提供了正当性来源和依据。亚里士多德认为首先必须制定出良好的法律。而良好的法律在形式上要根据政体来创设,要适应和服务于城邦现行政体。在内容上要代表理性和正义,有助于保障民众的自由和促进城邦整体德性的培养。其次,亚里士多德认为只有良好的法律而不能树立其在现实政治社会生活中的最高权威性,也是不能称其为法治的。只有城邦执政者做到严格遵守法律的规定并根据法律的精神来行使自身的自由裁量权和普通民众具备守法的习性才能使法律获得普遍的遵守。良法之治与普遍守法共同构成亚里士多德法治思想的双重内涵。亚里士多德在法治理论构建方面成绩卓越。为热衷于走现代法治道路的国家提供了精神导向和理论资源。在我国当下时期,法治进程正在不断地推进,但是脚步却比较缓慢,来自社会各方面的阻力很多。在此迷茫之际,亚里士多德的法治理论为我国的法治建设指明了方向。首先,制定符合我国具体政治、经济、文化、社会等现实的良法是前提和基础性工作。其次,政府守法、建设法治政府是实现法治国家建设的重中之重。再次,培养民众的法治情感和法治信仰是保证法律获得普遍永久服从的关键。最后,法治国家建设固然需要重视法律在治理国家中的作用,但同时也要注重道德教育。法治与德治相结合,相互促进、相互补充,这对于减小社会阻力、降低法治成本至关重要。
[Abstract]:The construction of rule of law is an important way for modern countries to pursue political civilization, and it is also a hot keyword in the current topic of political civilization. When it comes to the rule of law, Aristotle must be mentioned. Aristotle first defined the basic connotation of the rule of law and constructed a relatively complete theoretical system of the rule of law, which made him the ancestor of the study of the rule of law in later generations. The purpose of this paper is to restore the original appearance of Aristotle's thought of rule of law and to refine the theoretical essence of his thought of rule of law in order to serve the construction of our country's present rule of law. Aristotle's thought of rule of law was conceived and produced not only through metaphysical speculation. The unique features of ancient Greece in politics, society, history and thought laid a solid foundation for Aristotle's rule of law. The legislative practice of many ancient Greek legislators in real politics and the legal thought of Plato's theoretical thinkers provided Aristotle's thought of rule of law with realistic motive force and ideological enlightenment respectively. In Aristotle's writings, law is the representative and defender of reason and justice, and the most effective means to achieve the development of personal and city-state virtue. Therefore, Aristotle's thought of rule of law contains profound theories and value bases, including the theory of humanity, the theory of the mean and the best, the theory of limited rationality and the theory of justice. These theories and value bases provide the legitimate source and basis for Aristotle's choice of rule of law. Aristotle believed that good laws must be made first. The good law should be created according to the form of government and adapt to and serve the current polis regime. To represent rationality and justice in content is helpful to protect the people's freedom and promote the cultivation of the whole moral character of the polis. Secondly, Aristotle thought that only good law could not establish its supreme authority in real political and social life, nor could it be called rule of law. Only the city-state rulers strictly abide by the law and exercise their discretion according to the spirit of the law, and the ordinary people have the habit of abiding by the law, can the law be universally observed. The governance of good law and universal law-abiding constitute the dual connotation of Aristotle's thought of rule of law. Aristotle made remarkable achievements in the construction of the theory of rule of law. It provides spiritual guidance and theoretical resources for countries keen to follow the road of modern rule of law. In the present period of our country, the process of rule of law is advancing continuously, but the pace is slow, and the resistance from all aspects of society is many. At this time of confusion, Aristotle's theory of rule of law points out the direction of our country's construction of rule of law. First of all, it is a prerequisite and basic work to formulate good laws that conform to the political, economic, cultural and social realities of our country. Secondly, the government obeys the law and the construction of the government by law is the most important thing in the construction of the country ruled by law. Thirdly, cultivating people's emotion of rule of law and belief of rule of law is the key to guarantee universal and permanent servitude of law. Finally, the construction of a country ruled by law needs to attach importance to the role of law in governing the country, but also to moral education. The combination of rule by law and rule by virtue promotes and complements each other, which is essential to reduce social resistance and reduce the cost of rule by law.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D909.1

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