1919～1924年印度哈里发运动研究

发布时间：2018-06-07 03:35

  本文选题：印度 + 哈里发运动　； 参考：《西北大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：17世纪开始,奥斯曼帝国逐渐衰落,象征伊斯兰正统权威的哈里发逐渐失去政治权力。一战后,奥斯曼帝国面临着以英国为首的西方的国家瓜分,奥斯曼哈里发作为帝国统治者,其地位和废存问题成为世界穆斯林关注的焦点。其中,表现最为突出的当属印度穆斯林,他们对奥斯曼哈里发倾注了独特的感情。英国在印度建立殖民统治后,极力扶植占人口多数的印度教徒,穆斯林的少数派利益都得不到重视,政治、经济、文化和教育等方面远远落后于印度教徒,在印度社会中遭遇边缘化危机。在这种境遇下,穆斯林精英试图通过建立教育改革组织,参与印度政治,改变被动的地位。但是,作为印度社会的少数群体,穆斯林在政治选举中并不占优势。鉴于此,他们试图回避人数上的劣势,寻找一个能和印度教徒形成平等竞争,分配政治权利的依托。此时,随着对奥斯曼哈里发命运的关注和同情,泛伊斯兰主义出现在印度穆斯林的视野之中。其领导者认为,强调穆斯林的宗教性更能突出其在文化和政治方面的优势,并且能最大限度地团结穆斯林民众。一战后,印度民族解放运动呼声渐起,印度穆斯林精英审时度势,抓住奥斯曼哈里发问题号召民众的支持。他们联合印度教徒以保卫奥斯曼哈里发为旗帜,采用非暴力不合作的斗争方式,发动了哈里发运动,试图在保护奥斯曼哈里发的旗号下获得参与印度政治的契机。该运动以1919年哈里发委员会成立为开端,以1924年凯末尔废除哈里发制度为尾声。历经了酝酿、兴起、高潮和衰落四个阶段,在印度民族解放运动中扮演了重要的角色。在整个过程中,印度穆斯林充当了印度民族解放运动的先锋,在国大党还在为是否采用甘地的不合作斗争策略犹豫不决的时候,他们接受并首次践行了非暴力运动的理念。印度穆斯林为哈里发运动付出了巨大的代价,但是结果并不如意。随着土耳其共和国的成立,凯末尔政府进行了世俗化改革,奥斯曼哈里发制度遭到废除,印度穆斯林保卫奥斯曼哈里发的口号落空,反殖民目标也随之失败。虽然如此,哈里发运动对于印度社会和穆斯林群体而言都是一笔宝贵的财富。该运动中,印度穆斯林对伊斯兰文化的认同得到进一步提升。他们在争取自身政治权利的同时,与国内的印度教徒形成了较好的合作,并与土耳其和阿富汗穆斯林取得了联系,推动了印度、土耳其以及阿富汗民族独立运动的发展。此外,印度穆斯林的组织能力在运动实践中得到了锻炼,他们的政治视野和思想认识也获得巨大的变化,由对英国的盲目效忠转变为举起穆斯林民族主义的大旗,为巴基斯坦独立运动的形成作了良好的铺垫。
[Abstract]:At the beginning of the 17 th century, the Ottoman Empire declined and the caliphate, a symbol of Islamic orthodoxy, gradually lost political power. After World War I, the Ottoman Empire faced the partition of the western countries led by Britain. As the ruler of the Empire, Ottoman caliphate became the focus of attention of Muslims in the world. Among them, the most outstanding performance is the Indian Muslim, they pour the unique affection to the Ottoman caliphate. After Britain established colonial rule in India, it tried to foster the majority of the population of Hindus. The minority interests of Muslims were ignored, and the political, economic, cultural and educational aspects lagged far behind the Hindus. A crisis of marginalization in Indian society. In this context, the Muslim elite tried to change its passive position by setting up educational reform organizations, participating in Indian politics. But as a minority in Indian society, Muslims are not dominant in political elections. In view of this, they try to avoid the disadvantage of numbers and seek a basis for equal competition with Hindus and distribution of political rights. At this time, with the concern and sympathy for the fate of Ottoman caliphate, pan-Islamism appeared in the vision of Indian Muslims. Its leaders believe that an emphasis on the religious character of Muslims highlights their cultural and political strengths and maximizes the unity of the Muslim population. After World War I, calls for the Indian National Liberation Movement began to rise, and India's Muslim elite judged the situation and seized on the issue of Ottoman caliphate to call for public support. They United Hindus to defend the Ottoman caliphate as the banner, using non-violent non-cooperative struggle, launched the caliphate movement, trying to protect the Ottoman caliphate under the banner of participation in Indian politics opportunities. The movement began with the establishment of the caliphate Council in 1919 and ended with the abolition of the caliphate by Kemal in 1924. After four stages of brewing, rising, climax and decline, they played an important role in the Indian National Liberation Movement. In the process, India's Muslims spearheaded India's national liberation movement, accepting and practicing the idea of nonviolence for the first time while the Congress party hesitated over Gandhi's uncooperative struggle strategy. India's Muslims paid a heavy price for the caliphate, but the results were not satisfactory. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, the Kemal government carried out secularization reform, the Ottoman caliphate system was abolished, the slogan of Indian Muslims defending the Ottoman caliphate was defeated, and the anti-colonial goal also failed. Nevertheless, the caliphate movement is a valuable asset for both Indian society and the Muslim community. In the movement, the identity of Indian Muslims towards Islamic culture was further enhanced. While fighting for their own political rights, they have developed better cooperation with Hindus in their own countries, and have made contacts with Muslims in Turkey and Afghanistan, promoting the development of national independence movements in India, Turkey and Afghanistan. In addition, the organizing ability of Indian Muslims has been trained in the practice of the movement, and their political vision and ideological understanding have also been greatly changed, from blind allegiance to Britain to raising the banner of Muslim nationalism. For the formation of Pakistan's independence movement made a good cushion.
【学位授予单位】：西北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K351.43
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本文编号：1989578