中国近代自由主义的衰落与反思

发布时间：2018-06-22 04:39

  本文选题：近代 + 自由主义　； 参考：《山东大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：完全可以肯定的是中国近代自由主义传自西方,虽然中国古代各家思想中多少也包含了一定的“自由”元素,但是远没有达到形成这样一种政治思潮的现实历史条件。而西方的自由主义可以追溯到古希腊时期,在古希腊很多政治学家的著作或思想中都可以找到其萌芽。西方近代在经历了文艺复兴、宗教改革以后,人们的思想得到了极大的解放,伴随着这一历史进程,各种政治思想纷纷涌现。直到启蒙运动时期,在先前的思想以及社会政治、经济的历史条件基础之上,自由主义得以产生。在产生以后的三百年多年时间里,自由主义得到了快速发展,其价值理念也被运用到政治实践当中,指导国家宏观的政治架构。时至今日,自由主义早已成为西方世界的主流价值理念,并且具有在世界范围内蔓延的迹象。 从西方回到中国,中国近代历史却是苦难的。近代中国从1840年以来,饱受外国侵略。从鸦片战争到日本侵华、国共内战,中国一个老大帝国可以说是经历了五千年历史当中最黑暗的一段历史时期之一。近代中国人也一直在寻求“救亡图存”的道路,自魏源的“师夷长技以制夷”、李鸿章等人的“洋务运动”、以康有为为代表的“维新运动”到孙中山先生的“三民主义”、革命救国再到“五四”新文化运动、中国共产党登上历史舞台,中国人对于这条道路的探索一直没有停过。但是无一例外的是中国人把眼光都投向了西方,中国近代自由主义也伴随着这股“西学东进”的浪潮传入中国,并且在一段时间内取得了短暂的“辉煌”,但是随着国民政府的失败,很大一部分自由主义学者也一起去了台湾,从而自由主义在台湾取得了一定的发展。 本文关注的焦点主要集中在四个方面：西方自由主义的一般理论；中国近代颇具特色的自由主义的主要发展历程、内容；中国近代自由主义衰落原因的具体分析；这种思潮的客观评价与反思。本文涉及面比较广泛,加上本人能力有限,难免有诸多疏漏之处,敬请各位老师、学者予以批评、指正。
[Abstract]:It is absolutely certain that Chinese modern liberalism has been handed down from the West. Although various ancient Chinese thoughts also contain some elements of "freedom", they are far from reaching the realistic historical conditions for forming such a political trend of thought. Western liberalism dates back to the ancient Greek period and can be found in the writings or thoughts of many political scientists in ancient Greece. After the Renaissance and the religious reform in modern western times, people's thoughts were greatly liberated. With this historical process, various kinds of political thoughts emerged one after another. Until the Enlightenment period, liberalism came into being on the basis of previous ideas and the historical conditions of society, politics and economy. In the more than three hundred years since its emergence, liberalism has developed rapidly, and its value concept has also been applied to political practice to guide the national macro-political structure. Today, liberalism has long been the mainstream value of the Western world, and there are signs of spread around the world. Back to China from the West, China's modern history is suffering. Modern China has been invaded by foreign countries since 1840. From the Opium War to the invasion of China by Japan and the Civil War between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, one of the darkest periods in the history of five thousand years can be said to be one of the oldest empires in China. The Chinese people in modern times have also been seeking the road of "saving the nation from death and survival", from Wei Yuan's "master Yi's technique to control foreign affairs", Li Hongzhang's "Westernization movement", and Kang Youwei's "reform movement" to Mr. Sun Zhongshan's "three people's principles". Revolutionary salvation to the "May 4th" New Culture Movement, the Communist Party of China on the historical stage, the Chinese have been exploring this road. However, without exception, the Chinese people have all set their sights on the West, and Chinese modern liberalism has also been accompanied by this wave of "Western learning to the east" into China, and has made a short period of "brilliance" in a certain period of time. However, with the failure of the national government, a large number of liberalism scholars also went to Taiwan, thus liberalism made a certain development in Taiwan. This paper focuses on four aspects: the general theory of western liberalism, the main development course and content of liberalism with its characteristics in modern China, the concrete analysis of the reasons for the decline of liberalism in modern China; Objective evaluation and reflection of this trend of thought. This article involves a wide range, plus my limited ability, there are inevitably many omissions, please teachers, scholars to criticize, pointed out.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D092
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本文编号：2051630