论墨西哥改革战争（1857-1861）

发布时间：2018-06-28 03:08

本文选题：1857年宪法 + 胡亚雷斯　；参考：《河北大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：1857年2月5日,墨西哥自由派颁布了著名的《1857年宪法》,宪法否定了墨西哥教会、军队(即墨西哥保守派)的政治经济特权,保守派随即挑起了改革战争(即内战)。自由派总统胡亚雷斯坚持遵守《1857年宪法》,他决心把墨西哥从带有浓厚封建残余的半封建社会带入近代化的法制社会,虽然历经血雨腥风的战争,但他是为此坚韧不拔、勇于追求。墨西哥改革战争历时四年,历经了防御阶段、相持阶段和反攻阶段。在相持阶段,自由派临时政府颁布了最为瞩目的1859年《墨西哥社会改革宣言》(简称《改革法》),1859年《改革法》规定无条件没收教会财产转归国有,剥夺教会婚丧嫁娶登记的民政事务权,实行政教分离的政治制度,削弱了墨西哥教会在政治舞台上的影响力,使得教会在墨西哥政治舞台上的影响急剧下降,深刻改变了墨西哥日后的政治力量对比。在改革战争的中后期,墨西哥改革战争也受到了世界主要资本主义列强的关注,欧洲列强选择了支持保守派,而对墨西哥政治影响最大的美国,根据自身利益选择了支持墨西哥自由派,这更有助于自由派赢得改革战争。墨西哥改革战争是一场资产阶级革命,它为墨西哥资产阶级进一步发展扫除了障碍,推动了历史进步。在改革战争中,墨西哥自由派先被迫离开首都墨西哥城,后从瓜达拉哈拉城逃到韦拉克鲁斯再到攻占墨西哥城,经过了极其艰苦卓绝的战斗,一路播撒“民主、法制”的火种,沉重打击了以苏洛亚加、米拉蒙等为代表的保守派势力,教育了墨西哥民众,宣扬了自由、民主、法制、文明等现代化的思想观念,有力地推动了社会进步。内战波及到了全国最遥远的角落,演变成了自由派与保守派全国性的大混战,战争促进了墨西哥人民民族民主意识的觉醒,以后无论谁在墨西哥称帝都会遭到墨西哥人民的唾弃,君主制在墨西哥成为历史。墨西哥改革战争不仅在墨西哥改革发展史上具有重大的历史意义,而且在世界改革史上也具有十分重要的意义,其对墨西哥现代化的推动作用以及对墨西哥历史发展的长远影响值得我们深入研究。本文以马克思唯物主义的历史观为指导,以掌握大量的史料为前提,以事件发生的先后顺序为线索,通过改革战争引起的方方面面的变化,如户籍登记制度、民众信仰自由、教会财产国有化等,深入分析墨西哥改革战争的背景、原因、经过、意义等,以求做到实事求是、全面、公正的科学态度研究改革战争。
[Abstract]:On February 5, 1857, the Mexican liberals promulgated the famous Constitution of 1857, which denied the political and economic privileges of the Mexican Church, the army (or Mexican conservatives), who immediately started the war of reform (civil war). President Huarez insisted on abiding by the 1857 Constitution. He was determined to bring Mexico from a semi-feudal society with strong feudal vestiges to a modern legal society. Dare to pursue. Mexico's reform war lasted four years, went through the stage of defense, stalemate and counter-attack. During the stalemate period, the liberal interim government promulgated the most notable Declaration of Social Reform in Mexico of 1859 (the Reform Act), which provided for the unconditional confiscation of church property to be nationalized. The deprivation of the church's right to civil affairs of marriage and funeral registration and the implementation of a political system of separation of the state and religion weakened the influence of the Mexican church on the political stage and caused a sharp decline in the influence of the church on the Mexican political stage. A profound change in Mexico's future balance of political power. In the middle and late stages of the reform war, Mexico's reform war also attracted the attention of the world's major capitalist powers. The European powers chose to support conservatives, while the United States, which had the greatest influence on Mexican politics, By choosing to support the Mexican liberals in their own right, this helps liberals win the war on reform. The Mexican Reform War was a bourgeois revolution, which cleared the way for the further development of the Mexican bourgeoisie and promoted the historical progress. In the reform war, the Mexican liberals were forced to leave the capital Mexico City first, then fled from Guadalajara to Veracruz to capture Mexico City. After an extremely arduous battle, they spread the flames of "democracy, the rule of law," along the way. It dealt a heavy blow to the conservative forces represented by Suloaga and Milamon, educated the Mexican people, propagated the ideas of modernization, such as freedom, democracy, legal system, civilization, and so on, and forcefully promoted social progress. The civil war spread to the farthest corners of the country and turned into a nationwide scuffle between liberals and conservatives. The war promoted the awakening of the Mexican people's national democratic consciousness. In the future whoever became king in Mexico would be rejected by the Mexican people, and the monarchy would become a history in Mexico. The Mexican Reform War is of great historical significance not only in the history of Mexican reform, but also in the history of world reform. Its promoting effect on Mexico's modernization and its long-term influence on Mexico's historical development are worthy of further study. Under the guidance of Marxist historical materialism, under the premise of mastering a large amount of historical data, taking the sequence of events as a clue, and by reforming the changes in all aspects caused by the war, such as the household registration system and the people's freedom of belief, This paper analyzes deeply the background, reason, process and significance of Mexico's reform war in order to study the reform war with a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts, comprehensive and fair.
【学位授予单位】：河北大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：K731

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