加拿大儿童保障制度研究

发布时间：2018-08-26 19:25

【摘要】：加拿大一直因其高覆盖率、高质量的儿童保障而引人瞩目。本文从纵向历史角度,结合横向的政治、经济、社会发展等多维度的视角对加拿大的儿童保障进行了探究。加拿大的儿童保障有着悠久的历史和积淀,其发展主要经历了以下三个发展阶段:19世纪到20世纪早期初步发展,第二次世界大战到婴儿潮时代长足发展,20世纪70年代以来开始调整、完善的阶段。纵观加拿大的儿童保障制度的发展历史,本文归纳出推动其儿童保障制度发展的四个动因:1.从经济角度来看,女性越来越多的参与劳动市场获得劳动报酬也促使了政府开始重新思考潜藏在他们所提供的各种保障方式下的观念,儿童保障仍然是其中值得非常关注的。2.从社会环境角度来看,妇女组织的斗争以及女权运动使得儿童保障能够得以保留。3.从政治角度来看,随着时代的发展,家庭结构的变化、女性在劳动力市场上的参与的增加以及随之而来的社会风险对政治的再分配提出了一个新的挑战。4.从文化观念角度来看,对于民族团结在维持公众支持的福利国家的作用方面,自由主义理论家认为,社会公正总是会更容易实现民族团结,而他们认为,可以减轻反对高收入人群的再分配和减少任何由于移民产生的民族多样性所起到的腐蚀作用。税收福利、看护福利、早期教育与照顾以及注册教育储蓄计划是加拿大儿童保障制度的核心内容,也是本文分析的主要对象。这四个方面反映了加拿大的儿童保障制度是一项关注儿童纵向成长发育发展、促进儿童的经济与健康状况改善的制度。加拿大儿童保障制度的影响:1.从经济发展的维度来看,健康的经济依赖于托儿服务。具有最健康的家庭和经济持续发展的国家也是最有可能将授权育儿系统视为支持经济的公共基础设施的一个重要部分。2.从家庭结构的维度来看,完善的儿童保障制度和良好的基础设施能够促使父母在工作和家庭中得到平衡,同时能够促进生育率的提高,改善倒金字塔式的家庭结构。3.从政治生态的维度来看,儿童保障能够促使加拿大联邦政府、省政府、市政府之间进行相互合作,同时又能够保证各层级政府的独立性,使得儿童保障能够顺利在全国范围内施行。这就促使联邦制的加拿大的政治生态能够良性发展和循环。本文的结论为:1.加拿大的儿童保障是受社会观念、经济发展、政治以及社会力量角逐以及平衡的结果;2.加拿大的儿童保障对于儿童的照顾不仅仅是物质层次的。更深的是对于其权利与人格的尊重以及对儿童潜能与创造力的发掘;3.加拿大的儿童保障政策对于其经济发展、家庭结构以及政治生态均产生了深远影响;4.对我国而言,我们可以从加拿大儿童保障制度中借鉴到的经验为:确立儿童权利观念、完善儿童保护法律法规、政府承担相应职责。
[Abstract]:Canada has been notable for its high coverage and high quality child security. This paper explores the child security in Canada from the perspective of vertical history, combining with the horizontal perspectives of political, economic and social development. Canada has a long history and accumulation of child security. Its development has mainly experienced the following three stages of development: from the 19th century to the early 20th century. World War II to the baby boom era of rapid development since the 1970s began to adjust, perfect stage. Looking at the history of Canada's child security system, this paper sums up the four causes of promoting the development of its child security system: 1. From the economic point of view, the increasing participation of women in the labor market has also prompted the government to rethink the concept hidden in the various forms of security they provide, and child security is still a matter of great concern. From a social perspective, the struggle of women's organizations and the feminist movement have made it possible to preserve child security. From the political point of view, with the development of the times, the change of family structure, the increase of women's participation in the labor market and the social risks that come with it, it poses a new challenge to the redistribution of politics. From a cultural perspective, with regard to the role of national solidarity in maintaining a publicly supported welfare state, liberal theorists believe that social justice is always easier to achieve national unity, It can reduce the corrosive effect of anti-high-income redistribution and any ethnic diversity caused by immigration. Tax benefits, nursing benefits, early education and care, and registered education savings plan are the core contents of Canadian child security system and the main objects of this paper. These four aspects reflect that Canada's child security system is a system that focuses on the vertical growth and development of children and promotes the improvement of children's economic and health status. The impact of the Canadian Child Security system: 1. From the dimension of economic development, a healthy economy depends on child care services. Countries with the healthiest families and sustainable economies are also most likely to view the empowerment system as an important part of the public infrastructure to support the economy. From the perspective of family structure, a perfect child security system and good infrastructure can promote the balance between parents' work and family, at the same time, it can improve the fertility rate and improve the inverted pyramid family structure. From the perspective of political ecology, child security can promote cooperation among the federal, provincial and municipal governments of Canada, while at the same time ensuring the independence of all levels of government. So that child security can be smoothly implemented throughout the country. This prompted the federal Canadian political ecology to develop and cycle. The conclusion of this paper is: 1. Child security in Canada is the result of social perceptions, economic development, political and social power rivalry and balance. Child care in Canada is not just material. More deeply is the respect for their rights and personality, as well as the exploration of children's potential and creativity. Canada's child security policy has had a profound impact on its economic development, family structure and political ecology. For our country, we can draw lessons from the Canadian child security system: to establish the concept of children's rights, to perfect the laws and regulations of child protection, and to assume the corresponding responsibilities of the government.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D771.1

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