陕西关中地区1900年、1929年两次大旱荒的对比研究

发布时间：2019-02-27 17:58

【摘要】：近代以来中国自然灾害频发。中国作为一个农业国家,自然灾害极易造成社会的动荡,因此,灾害事件成为考量王朝稳定的晴雨表,如何应对灾荒而来的行政制度成为中国政治运行的重要有机体。本文以陕西关中地区为中心,以清末1900年大旱灾和民国1929年大旱灾为研究对象。旨在就同一地区,不同社会政治背景下灾害及社会与民众应对灾荒时的举措、绩效进行对比分析,以此来观察和解析在晚清和民国两种不同的社会型态下,随着社会的变化,在灾荒发生的前后是否对于应对灾荒事件也随之发生了根本性的变化。本文对此问题的阐述主要分为三大部分。第一部分主要是第一章即绪论部分。全章分为四节内容,主要是概述国内外相关学者的研究现状和趋势；介绍本研究的理由、意义以及研究的目标、内容界定、关键问题、研究的方法、手段及可行性分析等。第二部分是全文的主体,主要包括文章的第二章和第三章。其中第二章主要是对于1900年大旱灾和1929年大旱灾做一个全景式的描述,包括两次大旱灾各自的成因、过程发展、灾情实况和表现、后果、救灾举措及评价、灾后建设等。第三章主要是针对1900年和1929年两次陕西大旱灾进行对比分析,以此来解读在两次大旱灾发生的前后,社会及民众在应对灾荒时所表现出来的变化等内容。第三部分主要是两次大旱荒的影响与启示,即第四章。全章共分为三节,就三项内容展开论述,总结了1900年大旱灾和1929年大旱灾的直接影响及间接影响、意义和留给我们的启示等,最后概括性的总结全文。综上所述,二十世纪初,天灾频频袭来,清王朝日趋衰落,人祸如影随行,使得广大人民生活犹如炼狱。社会的政治、经济都面临着巨大的考验,其应对灾荒的能力也由于自身的腐败统治而一步步弱化与虚无。南京国民政府尽管继承孙中山的建国方略,但统治的内耗与政治权利获取压倒一切的政治认识,从而使得在旱荒应对上掣肘重重。然而就两次灾荒进行单独的对比观察,我们不能简单的仅仅以两次灾荒的应对绩效本身来看待国家的灾害应对机制,透过两次灾害各自的特点及区别,我们发现了近代民间义赈的崛起；从晚清至民国中央政府在应对灾荒举措上的现代化力量的增进。故就此看,对待任何问题绝不能仅仅以结果的成败来做以定论,应该在长时段的视角下关注事件的过程中的社会生态,进而去观察解析其细微的变化及深层原因,对于历史及社会的影响、启示等等,为今后社会进一步发展树立起人们对生命的珍视与人文关怀,激发民众在当前自然灾害时有发生的环境中,对于应对灾荒的民众参与和友爱社会。
[Abstract]:Natural disasters occur frequently in China since modern times. As an agricultural country, natural disasters in China are easy to cause social unrest. Therefore, disaster events have become a barometer to consider the stability of the dynasty, and how to deal with the famine administrative system has become an important organism in the political operation of China. In this paper, Guanzhong area in Shaanxi Province as the center, the late Qing Dynasty and the late 1900 drought and the Republic of China 1929 drought as the object of study. The aim is to compare and analyze the performance of disasters in the same region, in different socio-political contexts, and in response to the famine between society and the people, so as to observe and analyze the social changes under two different social patterns, namely, the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, Before and after the famine, whether or not to respond to the famine incident has also taken place a fundamental change. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part is the first chapter, the introduction part. The whole chapter is divided into four sections, which mainly summarizes the research status and trend of relevant scholars at home and abroad, and introduces the reasons, significance, objectives, content definition, key issues, research methods, means and feasibility analysis of this study. The second part is the main body of the paper, mainly including the second and third chapters of the article. The second chapter is to make a panoramic description of the major drought in 1900 and 1929, including the causes of the two major droughts, the process development, the situation and performance of the disaster, the consequences, disaster relief measures and evaluation, post-disaster construction and so on. The third chapter makes a comparative analysis of the two major droughts in Shaanxi province in 1900 and 1929 in order to interpret the changes of the society and the people in response to the famine before and after the two major droughts. The third part is mainly the influence and enlightenment of two great drought and famine, namely the fourth chapter. The whole chapter is divided into three sections, discusses three contents, summarizes the direct and indirect effects of the great drought in 1900 and 1929, the significance and the enlightenment left to us, etc., and finally summarizes the full text. To sum up, at the beginning of the 20th century, natural disasters frequently attacked, the Qing Dynasty declined day by day, man-made disasters accompanied, making the lives of the vast number of people like purgatory. Society's politics and economy are facing a great test, and its ability to deal with famine is weakened and nihilistic step by step because of its own corruption rule. Although the Nanjing National Government inherited Sun Zhongshan's strategy of founding China, its internal friction and political rights gained overwhelming political knowledge, which made it difficult to cope with drought and famine. However, we can not simply look at the national disaster response mechanism in terms of the response performance of the two disasters, and through the respective characteristics and differences of the two disasters, we can not simply look at the national disaster response mechanism on the basis of a single comparative observation of the two disasters. We found the rise of folk relief in modern times; From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the central government in response to famine measures on the promotion of modernization. Therefore, the treatment of any problem should not only be determined by the success or failure of the outcome, but should focus on the social ecology in the process of the event from a long-term perspective, and then observe and analyze its subtle changes and the underlying causes. The influence of history and society, enlightenment, and so on, set up people's cherishing and humanistic care for life for the further development of society in the future, and stimulate the people in the environment in which natural disasters occur frequently at present. To deal with the famine of the public participation and fraternity society.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：N09

【参考文献】