自然灾害应急测绘信息服务机制与方法

发布时间：2018-05-13 13:45

本文选题：应急测绘保障体系 + 聚焦服务　；参考：《武汉大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：测绘地理信息是有效应对自然灾害的基础性关键信息,应急地理信息的获取、传输、处理与共享应用的技术高速发展,成体系的应急测绘保障的研究与建设成为国际上防灾减灾重要基础设施建设,是国际研究的前沿与热点问题之一。应急测绘保障体系的技术主线是“应急”为特征,贯穿到应急测绘工作的各个环节,数据获取要快速、数据处理分析要智能化、信息服务要主动自适应。经过汶川地震、海地地震等一序列自然灾害经验和教训,可以看出,国际上还缺乏成熟的应急测绘保障的成套的理论基础和技术支撑,比如应急测绘资源调度混乱、灾情分析评估效率低、应急信息服务水平低等问题十分突出,急需研究和建立应急测绘保障体系这一项复杂的系统工程。本文针对应急测绘保障体系中任务规划与资源调度、灾情评估、应急信息服务关键技术问题,进行系统的研究,并研制了省级应急测绘指挥平台,具体内容包括： (1)面向任务的应急测绘聚焦服务模式。现有的应急测绘保障服务往往只针对有限数据源和特定的任务,是一种典型的自上而下的数据驱动模式,以特定数据产品为中心,数据产品服务的模式单一、不灵活、且效率低,越来越不适应个性化的复杂多样的任务需求。本文以多层级用户(包括国家、省级、地方和灾害现场用户)的任务需求为牵引,研究提出传感器数据获取、应急数据处理、传输与共享服务等聚焦服务的模式,建立各类应急测绘数据获取、处理、分析、应用服务广泛共享与有机聚合和高效协同机制,通过分散的专业化服务相互之间通信和协作来实现综合性服务,提供灵活、高效、准确、个性化的按需服务和聚焦服务。基于该服务模式,研制了省级应急测绘指挥调度系统。 (2)天空地协同的典型地质灾害快速评估。由于滑坡、泥石流等典型重大地质灾害具有高突发、高隐蔽等复杂特征,单一数据源难以满足全面准确动态评估需求,本文提出综合利用高分辨率卫星遥感资料、无人机影像数据以及地面调查数据,在“基础库、应急库、专题库”支持下进行可靠的、准确的、多尺度的灾情与风险动态评估方法,并以“6·18”以来洪灾对地震灾区影响分析为例,验证了灾害损失评估的有效性。 (3)自适应应急信息服务。尽管初步建立以天地图为平台应急信息服务模式,但“天-地-现场”一体化应急测绘信息报送、管理、发布、共享应用水平和能力明显不足。因此本文研究多尺度“天-地-现场”动态观测数据与历史数据的自适应数据组织管理、面向多层级用户的信息共享与快速发布、灾情地理信息三维动态可视化等应急信息服务关键技术,并应用于自然灾害地理信息发布系统的研制。 (4)省级应急测绘指挥平台。面向自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件、社会安全事件等突发公共事件属地管理为主的应急测绘需求,系统研究无人机航线自动规划、应急测绘资源自动调度管理以及灾害信息快速发布等关键技术,设计实现了一种省级应急测绘指挥平台。本文研究成果为我国应急测绘保障技术体系的建立和完善提供了成套的解决方案,有助于显著提高应急测绘快速服务能力,在“6·18”以来洪水对地震灾区影响分析中发挥了关键作用。
[Abstract]:Surveying and mapping geographic information is the basic key information for effective response to natural disasters, the rapid development of the technology for obtaining, transmitting, processing and sharing applications of emergency geographic information. The research and construction of an emergency surveying and mapping support system has become an important infrastructure for disaster prevention and reduction in the world. It is one of the frontier and hot issues in international research. The technical main line of the emergency surveying and mapping system is "emergency", which runs through every link of the emergency surveying and mapping work, the data acquisition is fast, the data processing and analysis should be intelligentized, the information service should be self-adaptive. After the Wenchuan earthquake, the Haiti earthquake and other natural disaster experience and lessons, it can be seen that the international is still lack of maturity. The complete set of theoretical foundation and technical support of emergency surveying and mapping support, such as the confusion of emergency surveying and mapping resources scheduling, the low efficiency of the disaster analysis and evaluation, the low level of emergency information service, and the urgent need to study and establish an emergency surveying and mapping guarantee system, a complex system project. This paper aims at the task planning in the emergency surveying and mapping support system. The key technical problems of resource scheduling, disaster assessment and emergency information service are studied systematically, and the provincial emergency surveying and mapping platform is developed. The specific contents include:
(1) task oriented emergency surveying and mapping service mode. The existing emergency surveying and mapping service is usually only for the limited data source and specific task. It is a typical top-down data driven model with specific data products as the center. The model of data product service is single, inflexible and inefficient, and is becoming more and more inadaptable. In this paper, the task demand of multilevel users (including national, provincial, local and disaster site users) is taken as traction, and the model of focused services such as sensor data acquisition, emergency data processing, transmission and sharing services is proposed, and various kinds of emergency mapping data acquisition, processing, analysis, and application services are established. Sharing and organic polymerization and efficient coordination mechanism, through the communication and collaboration of dispersed professional services to achieve comprehensive services, provide flexible, efficient, accurate, personalized and focused services and focused services. Based on the service model, a provincial emergency mapping and dispatching system is developed.
(2) the rapid assessment of typical geological disasters in the cooperation of the sky. Due to the complicated characteristics such as high burst and high concealment, the typical major geological disasters such as landslides and debris flows are difficult to meet the requirements of comprehensive and accurate dynamic assessment. This paper proposes a comprehensive use of high resolution satellite remote sensing data, UAV image data and the number of ground investigation. A reliable, accurate, multi-scale dynamic assessment method of disaster and risk was carried out under the support of "base bank, emergency storehouse and special library", and the effectiveness of disaster loss assessment was verified by the example of the impact analysis of flood disaster on earthquake area since "6. 18".
(3) self-adaptive emergency information service. Despite the initial establishment of an emergency information service model based on the sky map as a platform, the "Tian to site" integrated emergency mapping information reporting, management, release, and sharing application level and ability are obviously insufficient. Therefore, this paper studies the adaptive multi scale "day to field" dynamic observation data and the adaptation of historical data. Data organization and management, the key technology of emergency information service, such as information sharing and rapid release of multi-layer users, three-dimensional dynamic visualization of disaster geographical information, is applied to the development of natural disaster geographic information publishing system.
(4) the provincial emergency surveying and mapping platform. The emergency surveying and mapping needs of natural disasters, accident disasters, public health events, social security events and other public emergencies, such as the automatic planning of the UAV route, the automatic dispatch and management of emergency surveying and mapping resources and the rapid release of disaster information, are designed and realized. A provincial emergency surveying and mapping command platform.
The results of this paper provide a complete set of solutions for the establishment and improvement of the emergency surveying and mapping system in China, which can greatly improve the rapid service ability of emergency surveying and mapping. Since the "6. 18", the flood has played a key role in the analysis of the impact of earthquake stricken areas.

【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：X43;P20

【参考文献】