基于脑电信号分析的风险感知研究

发布时间：2018-07-07 23:02

  本文选题：安全管理 + 风险感知　； 参考：《浙江大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：技术的进步不断变革现代化的生产和生活方式,人们获得了以往所不能想象的便利,但与之如影随形的是不断增加的风险。由于我国正处于工业化中期的快速工业化进程中,安全生产作业面临巨大的压力,安全生产风险所导致的生命、财产损失和伤害日益成为当今社会的焦点,对经济发展和社会稳定产生了巨大的影响。风险感知是个体对存在于外界的各种客观风险的感受和认识,是安全管理研究中的一个重要领域。风险感知能够直接塑造风险行为,对风险的感知是个体和组织风险态度和决策行为的基础,不准确或不适当的风险感知和风险评价给安全管理构成了重大隐患。已有研究主要发展了风险感知的心理测量范式和文化理论这两种主流的理论框架,对风险感知的特征进行定量或定性的描述,然而已有理论框架之间还存在一定争议,而且在不同情境或任务(尤其是具有偶然性、突发性的情境)下的普适性不足。回顾已有研究,为了加深对风险感知的理解,有两个方面的问题需要解决：1)人们对风险信息进行感知和评估的行为和神经机理是什么?；2)风险感知是否会对后续的任务执行产生影响,产生这种影响的原因是什么?为解决上述问题,本研究综合利用问卷研究和实验研究等方法,并且借助于事件相关电位技术(Event-related Potentials, ERPs),在三个研究中对风险感知的认知过程及神经基础展开探讨。研究一考察了人们对现实作业环境的风险感知和风险评估过程,对风险感知的神经科学指标进行探索,并为后续两个子研究提供了铺垫；研究二考察了欺骗行为对风险感知和风险评估的影响,重点探讨了谎报风险的行为和神经特征；研究三主要考察了风险感知对任务执行的影响机制。基于以上三项研究的结果,本文得到以下主要结论：1)对现实场景的风险感知过程可以划分为两个阶段：一个由N1/P200反映的相对早期的、自动化的风险探测和感知过程,以及一个由P300/LPP反映的更晚的、需要更多资源投入的风险评估过程。2)风险感知依赖于直觉和经验。在风险感知的早期阶段就出现了脑电成分的差异,人们在短时间内(300ms)并没有足够的时间采取复杂的、理性分析的策略；此外,高风险相比低风险引起了更大的P300或LPP振幅,反映了对情绪体验的提取和风险的评价。早期快速的注意处理过程和晚期的情绪显著性共同表明风险感知依赖于直觉处理过程。3)欺骗行为影响风险评价过程。将安全刺激谎报为“风险”的难度高于将风险刺激谎报为“安全”的难度,其原因是在资源有限的情况下,人们给风险刺激分配更多的注意资源,从而促进了对风险刺激的记忆、监控和真实反应的抑制。该效应不仅表现在行为层面(反应时和准确率),也表现在LPP上。4)风险情景对西蒙效应产生了调节作用,相比低风险情形,高风险情形减弱了西蒙效应,表明高风险增强了执行控制。当风险和冲突共存时,人们在冲突过程中会投入更多的注意资源,从而提升了冲突处理速度。该调节作用不仅表现在反应时上,也表现在P300上。本研究综合采用问卷和认知神经科学实验研究方法,在研究方法上做出了新的尝试,对风险感知的形成机制进行了深化,并在神经管理学领域实现了研究主题的拓展,具有一定的创新性。本研究的理论贡献和创新点主要表现在：1)将风险感知的研究扩展到现实环境中,深入考察了对现实作业环境的风险感知,为已有研究的理论发现形成了重要延伸。2)通过神经科学实验研究方法为风险感知提供了直接的认知加工证据,对风险感知两阶段模型(HPTS)模型进行了修正和拓展,从而使该模型具有更强的可推广性。3)对风险感知影响因素的补充。通过在实验研究中引入情境性因素作为风险感知的调节变量,延伸了风险感知的研究议题。4)以风险情境下的作业任务为背景,研究了风险感知对西蒙效应的调节作用,为风险感知理论的完善和现实情境应用做出了贡献。
[Abstract]:The progress of technology has constantly changed the modern production and life style, and people have gained the convenience that they can't imagine, but the risk is constantly increasing. Because China is in the process of rapid industrialization in the middle period of industrialization, the safety production operation is facing huge pressure, the life of safety production risk, Property loss and injury have become the focus of today's society. It has a great impact on economic development and social stability. Risk perception is the individual's feelings and understanding of various objective risks that exist in the outside world. It is an important field in the research of security management. Risk perception can directly shape risk behavior, and the perception of risk is The basis of individual and organization risk attitude and decision-making behavior, inaccurate or inappropriate risk perception and risk assessment constitute a major hidden danger to safety management. The two mainstream theoretical frameworks of risk perception psychometric paradigm and cultural theory have been developed to quantify or qualitatively describe the characteristics of risk perception. However, there are still some disputes between the existing theoretical frameworks, and the universality under different situations or tasks (especially contingency situations). In retrospect, there are two problems to be solved in order to deepen the understanding of risk perception: 1) people's perception and assessment of risk information. What are these and neural mechanisms?; 2) is the risk perception affecting the subsequent task execution, and what is the cause of this effect? In order to solve the above problems, this study comprehensively uses the methods of questionnaire and experimental research, and with the aid of Event-related Potentials (ERPs), in the three studies This paper explores the cognitive process and neural basis of risk perception. The first investigates the process of risk perception and risk assessment for the actual operating environment, explores the neuroscientific indicators of risk perception, and provides a paving for the following two sub studies; and study two examines the risk perception and risk assessment by deception. The influence, focusing on the behavior and neural characteristics of the risk of falsely reporting; study three mainly examines the impact mechanism of risk perception on task execution. Based on the results of the above three studies, this paper obtains the following main conclusions: 1) the risk perception process of real scene can be divided into two stages: a relative early period reflected by N1/P200 An automated risk detection and perception process, and a more late P300/LPP, which requires more resources to invest in the risk assessment process.2) risk perception depends on intuition and experience. In the early stages of risk perception, there is a difference in the electroencephalogram (300ms) in a short period of time. A strategy of miscellaneous, rational analysis; in addition, high risk causes a greater amplitude of P300 or LPP than low risk, reflecting the extraction of emotional experience and evaluation of risk. Early rapid attention treatment and late emotional significance jointly indicate that risk perception depends on intuitional processing.3) deception behavior affects risk assessment process. The difficulty of lying the security stimulus as "risk" is higher than the difficulty of falsely falsely reporting the risk stimulus to "security". The reason is that, in the case of limited resources, people allocate more attention to the risk stimulus, thus promoting the memory, monitoring and real counter response to the risk stimulus. The time and accuracy rate, also shown on the LPP.4) risk scenario, has a moderating effect on the Simon effect. Compared to the low risk situation, the high risk situation weakens the Simon effect, indicating that the high risk increases the executive control. When the risk and the conflict coexist, people will invest more attention in the conflict process, thus improving the speed of conflict handling. The effect of this regulation is not only in the reaction time, but also on the P300. This study combines the methods of questionnaire and cognitive neuroscience experimental research, makes a new attempt on the research method, deepens the formation mechanism of risk perception, and realizes the development of the research topic in the field of Neurology, and has some innovation. The theoretical contributions and innovation points of this study are mainly manifested in: 1) extending the risk perception research into the real environment, exploring the risk perception of the actual operating environment, forming an important extension of the existing theoretical discovery.2) and providing a direct cognitive processing card for risk perception through the experimental research method of Neuroscience. According to this, the two phase model of risk perception (HPTS) model is modified and expanded to make the model have a more generalized.3) to supplement the risk perception factors. By introducing the situational factors as the adjustment variables of risk perception in the experimental study, the risk perception research topic.4 is extended. Based on the industry task, this paper studies the moderating effect of risk perception on Simon effect, and contributes to the improvement of risk perception theory and the application of realistic situation.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：X913
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本文编号：2106565