生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误致因机理及预控研究

发布时间：2018-09-17 16:22

【摘要】：煤矿工人遭遇的生活事件是引起人因失误的主要因素，也是诱发煤矿安全事故的重要风险源之一。目前有关煤矿人因失误研究尚处于第一代静态的专家判断与统计分析相结合的初级阶段，相比于结合认知心理学展开人因失误研究的第二阶段还有较大的差距，煤矿人因失误理论研究相对滞后。与此同时，在安全管理实践中，煤炭企业将关注点侧重于煤矿工人工作八小时之内的安全管理，忽视了煤矿工人工作八小时之外所遭遇的生活事件对其人因失误所造成的直接或潜在影响。因此，本文基于人因失误理论、认知心理学理论及安全管理理论，以煤矿工人生活事件为研究对象，以生活事件—心理压力—个体机能下降—人因失误为研究主线，厘清生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误致因机理，明确生活事件引发煤矿事故中人因失误的传导路径，设计生活事件对人因失误影响的量化方法，架构生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误预控管理及保障体系。本文研究是对人因失误理论的丰富和发展，拓展了煤矿人因失误理论研究范围，为以人为本防范煤矿安全事故提供了新的理论依据，有助于推动煤矿人因失误的定量测度和实时监测，形成以预控为核心的煤矿事故中人因失误管理机制，具有较为显著的理论和现实意义。本文重点研究以下四个方面内容：（1）探究生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误致因机理。根据人因失误理论、认知心理学理论等相关文献，界定煤矿工人生活事件、煤矿工人心理压力和煤矿工人人因失误等概念的内涵、外延和特征向量，系统分析生活事件对煤矿事故中人因失误影响过程，厘清了生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误致因机理，，确定了生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误的三个阶段和四大关键要素，并构建了生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误致因机理（LPIH）理论模型；（2）应用结构方程模型方法展开生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误影响机理理论模型的实证研究。通过理论分析提出研究假设及理论模型，构建用于结构方程模型的观测变量、潜变量、结构方程模型及模型检验的研究方法，通过调查问卷获取基础数据，并应用结构方程方法对模型的拟合优度进行检验、假设路径检验，并确定了LPIH结构方程模型；（3）展开生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误影响阈值测度研究。首先应用问卷调查法开发煤矿工人生活事件量表。通过生活事件初始条目池构建、生活事件条目分析、量表的信度和效度检验，确定了生活事件条目，并在此基础之上确定了生活事件改变单位值和生活事件影响时间值，进而开发出包含44项生活事件的煤矿工人生活事件量表。然后，以煤矿工人生活事件量表为基础，应用调查问卷法、统计分析和离散排序模型等方法确定了导致不同人因失误率的生活事件累计改变单位的阈值。最后，应用情景分析法对煤矿工人生活事件累计改变单位落在阈值区间的概率做出情景分析；（4）设计生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误预控管理对策和保障措施。基于生活事件对煤矿事故中人因失误致因路径，确定生活事件导致人因失误的防控重点，并围绕人因失误防控重点设计生活事件提报机制、心理压力评估机制、心理干预机制和心理干预效果评估机制等四项机制。为确保四项机制有效实施，进一步设计组织机构保障体系、管理制度保障体系、文化教育保障体系和软件平台支撑体系等四项保障措施。通过上述研究，本文主要得出了以下研究结论：（1）在煤矿工人遭受生活事件后，煤矿工人根据其认知特征对生活事件精神影响程度、改变程度、处理能力等做出认知评价，并以认知评价为基础采取应对问题取向应对和情绪取向应对，若应对失败，导致煤矿工人产生心理压力，受心理压力影响致使其心理机能和生理机能下降，进而导致煤矿工人作业过程中出现感知过程失误、识别判断过程失误和行为操作过程失误；（2）生活事件对人因失误有显著的正向影响，且影响效应值为0.6251，其三条致因路径分别为生活事件—心理压力—心理机能—感知过程失误—识别判断过程失误—行动操作过程失误、生活事件—心理压力—心理机能—识别判断过程失误—行动操作过程失误和生活事件—心理压力—生理机能—行动操作过程失误；（3）当生活事件累积改变单位（LCCU）≤78时，煤矿工人人因失误率非常低；当78LCCU≤124时，人因失误率较低；当124LCCU≤162时，人因失误率适中；当162LCCU≤197时，人因失误率较高；当197LCCU时，人因失误率非常高；（4）应用情景分析法考察煤矿工人生活事件累计改变单位落在阈值区间的概率，分析结果表明，随着煤矿工人一年内遭遇的生活事件的数量增加，LCCU值落在由低到高的阈值区间内的概率呈先递减、递增递减和急剧递增趋势。最后，根据上述研究结论，为了解决生活事件导致煤矿事故中人因失误问题，本文通过构建和实施生活事件视角下煤矿事故中人因失误预控管理对策和保障措施，实现生活事件实时提报、心理压力客观评估、心理干预科学有效、干预方案及时调整，为有效降低煤矿事故中人因失误提供科学的管理方法、保障机制和运行平台
[Abstract]:Life events encountered by coal miners are the main factors causing human error and one of the important risk sources of coal mine safety accidents. At present, the study of human error in coal mines is still in the primary stage of combining the first generation of static expert judgment and statistical analysis, compared with the study of human error combined with cognitive psychology. At the same time, in the practice of safety management, coal enterprises focus on the safety management of coal miners within eight hours of work, ignoring the direct impact of life events on human error caused by coal miners outside eight hours of work. Therefore, based on human error theory, cognitive psychology theory and safety management theory, this paper takes life events of coal miners as the research object, takes life events - psychological stress - decline of individual function - human error as the main line of study, clarifies the cause mechanism of human error in coal mine accidents from the perspective of life events, and clarifies life events. This paper is to enrich and develop the theory of human error and expand the scope of the theory of human error in coal mine. People-oriented prevention of coal mine safety accidents provides a new theoretical basis for promoting the quantitative measurement and real-time monitoring of human errors in coal mines, forming a human error management mechanism in coal mine accidents with pre-control as the core, with more significant theoretical and practical significance.
This paper focuses on the following four aspects: (1) Explore the causes of human error in coal mine accidents from the perspective of life events. According to the theory of human error, cognitive psychology and other related literature, define the connotation, extension and feature vector of the concepts of life events, psychological stress and human error of coal mine workers. This paper systematically analyzes the influence process of life events on human error in coal mine accidents, clarifies the cause mechanism of human error in coal mine accidents from the perspective of life events, determines the three stages and four key elements of human error in coal mine accidents from the perspective of life events, and constructs the cause of human error in coal mine accidents from the perspective of life events. Mechanism (LPIH) theoretical model; (2) Empirical research on the theoretical model of human error in coal mine accidents from the perspective of life events is carried out by using structural equation model method. Methods: The basic data were obtained by questionnaires, and the goodness of fit of the model was tested by structural equation method, assuming the path test, and the LPIH structural equation model was determined. (3) The threshold measurement of human error in coal mine accidents was studied from the perspective of life events. Life Event Scale. Through the construction of the initial item pool of life events, the analysis of life event items, the reliability and validity test of the scale, the life event items were determined, and on this basis, the unit value of life event change and the time value of life event influence were determined, and then the life event quantity of coal miners including 44 life events was developed. Secondly, based on the life events scale of coal miners, the threshold value of the cumulative change unit of life events leading to different human error rates is determined by means of questionnaire, statistical analysis and discrete ranking model. Finally, the probability that the cumulative change unit of life events of coal miners falls into the threshold range is determined by scenario analysis. Making scenario analysis; (4) Designing countermeasures and safeguards for human error pre-control management in coal mine accidents from the perspective of life events. In order to ensure the effective implementation of the four mechanisms, we should further design four safeguard measures, such as organizational security system, management system security system, cultural and educational security system and software platform support system.
Through the above research, this paper mainly draws the following conclusions: (1) After the life events of coal miners, coal miners make cognitive evaluation according to their cognitive characteristics on the mental impact of life events, the degree of change, processing ability and so on, and adopt coping problem-oriented coping and emotional-oriented coping based on cognitive evaluation. Coping failure leads to the psychological stress of coal miners, which leads to the decline of their psychological and physiological functions, and then leads to perceptual process errors, identification and judgment process errors and behavior operation process errors in the process of coal miners'work; (2) life events have a significant positive impact on human error, and the impact is effective. The response value was 0.6251, and the three paths were life events-psychological stress-psychological function-perceptual process failure-identification judgment process failure-action operation process failure, life events-psychological stress-psychological function-identification judgment process failure-action operation process failure-action operation process failure and life events-psychological stress-physiology. (3) When the cumulative change unit of life events (LCCU) is less than 78, the human error rate of coal miners is very low; when 78LCCU is less than 124, the human error rate is low; when 124LCCU is less than 162, the human error rate is moderate; when 162LCCU is less than 197, the human error rate is high; when 197LCCU, the human error rate is very high; (3) when 78LCCU is less than 124, the human error rate is very high. 4) Scenario analysis was used to investigate the probability that the cumulative change unit of life events of coal miners fell into the threshold range. The results show that the probability of LCCU falling into the threshold range from low to high decreases first, increases gradually and increases sharply with the increase of the number of life events encountered by coal miners in one year.
Finally, according to the above conclusions, in order to solve the problem of human error caused by life events in coal mine accidents, this paper constructs and implements the countermeasures and safeguards of human error pre-control management in coal mine accidents from the perspective of life events, realizes real-time reporting of life events, objective assessment of psychological pressure, scientific and effective psychological intervention, and intervention programs. Adjustment in time to provide scientific management method, guarantee mechanism and operation platform for effectively reducing human error in coal mine accidents
【学位授予单位】：中国矿业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TD771

【参考文献】