高性能有机吸油材料的制备与性能评价

发布时间：2018-08-13 21:13

【摘要】：随着工业的迅速发展,油品的使用越来越广泛,在石油运输、储存和使用过程中的泄露造成了巨大的经济损失和环境污染。本研究针对现有的吸油材料存在吸油倍率不高、油水选择性低、吸油速率比较慢的缺点,制备了具有优良吸油性能的改性聚氨酯海绵和聚苯乙烯/聚丙烯腈(PS/PAN)静电纺丝纤维,解决了油污泄露所带来的环境问题和能源问题,具有很大的经济意义和现实意义。针对聚氨酯海绵同时吸水吸油的缺点,本文通过预处理,硅烷偶联剂浸泡改性得到具有一定疏水性能的海绵,为了进一步改善吸油性能,采用表面接枝方法,以丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为单体,二乙烯基苯(DVB)为交联剂,过氧化苯甲酰(BPO)为引发剂,在一定的温度下得到了表面接枝聚氨酯海绵。利用红外分析对海绵改性前后的组成进行了分析,采用热重分析对产物的热稳定性进行了表征。通过正交试验分析,得到最佳制备条件:反应温度为80°C,反应时间为4 h,引发剂浓度为PU质量的9%,交联剂浓度为PU质量的0.5%,单体BA与PU海绵的质量比为2:1。在最佳条件下,改性海绵在甲苯和四氯化碳中的吸收倍率分别为62.4 g/g和49.1 g/g,在水中的吸收倍率为5.06 g/g,对水的接触角为124.88°,并且吸油速率比较快,在溢油回收中具有良好的应用前景。针对聚苯乙烯纤维在非极性有机溶剂中的机械性能比较差且易溶解的缺点,本文通过聚苯乙烯(PS)和聚丙烯腈(PAN)共混静电纺丝的方法,得到了一种吸油倍率比较高,机械性能良好,可重复利用的静电纺丝纤维。考察了PS/PAN(质量比)、纺丝液浓度、电压、温度、接收距离、湿度、喷头内径、推进速度对静电纺丝纤维形貌结构以及吸油性能的影响;考察了纤维在不同油品中的吸油倍率随时间的变化情况,纤维的重复利用性以及在水面上的浮力;采用X射线光电子能谱和扫描电镜能谱对PS/PAN纤维的表面元素分布进行了表征。实验得出PS/PAN纤维的最佳制备条件为:PS/PAN(质量比)为5/5,纺丝液浓度为18 wt%,电压为25 kV,温度为30°C,接收距离为10 cm,湿度为40%,喷头内径为0.6 mm,推进速度为0.1 mm/s。纤维在不同油中的吸油倍率:真空泵油194.85g/g,花生油131.70 g/g,柴油66.75 g/g,汽油43.38 g/g,并且吸油过程符合二级动力学方程。纤维对柴油的接触角为0°,对水的接触角为144.32°,表现出优良的疏水亲油性。纤维通过挤压以及溶剂浸泡的方式可以多次重复利用,并且表现出了良好的浮力,可以用于水面漏油处理。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of industry, oil products are used more and more widely. The leakage of oil transportation, storage and use has caused huge economic losses and environmental pollution. In this study, the modified polyurethane sponge and polystyrene / polyacrylonitrile (PS/PAN) electrostatic spinning fiber with excellent oil absorption properties were prepared to overcome the disadvantages of low oil absorption ratio, low oil-water selectivity and slow oil absorption rate of the existing oil-absorbing materials. It is of great economic and practical significance to solve the environmental and energy problems caused by oil spill. In view of the disadvantages of water absorption and oil absorption of polyurethane sponge, a hydrophobic sponge was prepared by pretreatment and soaking with silane coupling agent. In order to further improve the oil absorption, the surface grafting method was adopted. Using butyl acrylate (BA) as monomer, divinylbenzene (DVB) as crosslinking agent and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as initiator, the surface grafted polyurethane sponge was prepared at a certain temperature. The composition of sponge before and after modification was analyzed by IR, and the thermal stability of the product was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. By orthogonal test, the optimum preparation conditions were obtained as follows: reaction temperature 80 掳C, reaction time 4 h, initiator concentration 9% of pu mass, crosslinking agent concentration 0.5% and mass ratio of BA to pu sponge 2: 1. Under the optimum conditions, the absorptivity of modified sponge in toluene and carbon tetrachloride were 62.4 g / g and 49.1 g / g, respectively, the absorptivity in water was 5.06 g / g, the contact angle to water was 124.88 掳, and the oil absorption rate was relatively fast. It has a good application prospect in oil spill recovery. In view of the disadvantages of poor mechanical properties and easy dissolution of polystyrene fibers in non-polar organic solvents, a high oil absorption ratio was obtained by electrospinning of polystyrene (PS) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) blends. Good mechanical properties, reusable electrostatic spinning fiber. The effects of PS/PAN (mass ratio), concentration of spinning solution, voltage, temperature, receiving distance, humidity, nozzle diameter and propulsion speed on the morphology and oil absorption properties of electrostatic spinning fiber were investigated. The variation of oil absorption ratio with time, the reusability of fiber and the buoyancy on water surface were investigated, and the surface element distribution of PS/PAN fiber was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the optimal preparation conditions of PS/PAN fiber are as follows: the mass ratio of w / PS / pan is 5 / 5, the concentration of spinning solution is 18 wts, the voltage is 25 kV, the temperature is 30 掳C, the receiving distance is 10 cm, the humidity is 40 cm, the nozzle diameter is 0.6 mm, and the speed of propulsion is 0.1 mm / s. Fiber absorbency in different oils: vacuum pump oil 194.85 g / g, peanut oil 131.70 g / g, diesel oil 66.75 g / g, gasoline 43.38 g / g, and the oil absorption process conforms to the second-order kinetic equation. The contact angle of fiber to diesel oil is 0 掳, and the contact angle to water is 144.32 掳, showing excellent hydrophobicity. The fiber can be reused many times by extrusion and solvent soaking, and has good buoyancy. It can be used for oil spill treatment on water surface.
【学位授予单位】：中国石油大学(华东)
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TB34;TQ342.86

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