道岔外形二维激光测量技术研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 11:00

本文选题：道岔测量 + 激光测量　；参考：《西南交通大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：道岔是铁路轨道连接的重要设备,由于磨损而导致的廓形变化极大地影响了列车的运行安全,因此道岔廓形的测量显得尤为重要。目前激光测量技术逐渐应用到铁路行业,但在尺寸较大、构型复杂的道岔方面的应用却非常少。本文对二维激光传感器在道岔外形轮廓的测量方面进行了研究,主要工作如下：第一,通过查阅资料分析了道岔检测和激光测量的研究现状,研究了激光测量技术及原理和道岔参数及评价方法,并确定了整体系统的研究方案。第二,研究了本文所用二维激光传感器的通讯协议及库函数,基于VC++平台调用其动态链接库,并编写程序,实现了对激光测量数据的传输与保存。第三,当仅传感器的旋转角度固定时,通过坐标转换将多次的测量数据转换到同一坐标系下、利用最小二乘法分别进行曲线拟合,通过比较斜率找出公共区域并确定平移量,从而实现了对多次测量曲线的拼接,并对该曲线拼接方法进行了误差分析。结果表明：该方法能够将道岔的整个廓形进行拼接,但存在一定的误差。通过比较拟合曲线的斜率而确定的平移量的误差较大,且发现,拼接时公共区域的斜率越小,平移量的误差越大；旋转角度的误差则是引起旋转部分误差分布不均匀的主要原因。可见仅确定传感器的旋转角度而不确定其平移量时,拼接结果很难满足精度要求,因此需要同时确定传感器的旋转角度和平移量。第四、在确定旋转角度和平移量的情况下,在MATLAB中通过对多次测量的数据进行坐标转换实现了数据的拼接。同时建立了相应的正解模型和逆解模型,并在此基础上对参数引起的误差进行仿真分析。结果表明：(1)、当传感器旋转基准点设在距离光源出射点215mm的位置时,误差最小；(2)、在满足(1)的条件下,传感器测量被测物体时,避开测量区域中X方向和Y方向边缘的位置,可减小拼接误差；(3)、传感器旋转角度误差△θ对拼接误差同样存在影响,△θ越小,误差的最大值就越小,因此可根据测量精度的需求选择合适的角度编码器。
[Abstract]:Turnout is an important equipment for railway track connection. The variation of profile caused by wear has greatly affected the safety of train operation, so it is particularly important to measure the profile of turnout. At present, laser measurement technology is gradually applied to railway industry, but it is seldom used in large size and complicated turnout. The main work of this paper is as follows: firstly, the research status of turnout detection and laser measurement is analyzed by consulting the data. The technique and principle of laser measurement, the parameters and evaluation method of switch are studied, and the research scheme of the whole system is determined. Secondly, the communication protocol and library function of the two-dimensional laser sensor used in this paper are studied. The dynamic link library is called based on VC platform, and a program is written to realize the transmission and preservation of laser measurement data. Third, when only the rotation angle of the sensor is fixed, the measurement data are converted to the same coordinate system by coordinate transformation, and the curve fitting is carried out by the least square method, and the common area is found by comparing the slope and the amount of translation is determined. Thus, the splicing of multiple measurement curves is realized, and the error analysis of the splicing method is carried out. The results show that the method can splice the whole profile of the switch, but there are some errors. By comparing the slope of the fitting curve, the error of the translation is larger, and it is found that the smaller the slope of the common area is, the greater the error of the translation is. The error of rotation angle is the main reason of uneven distribution of rotation error. It can be seen that when only the rotation angle of the sensor is determined and the translation amount is not determined, the stitching result is difficult to meet the precision requirement. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the rotation angle and the translation amount of the sensor at the same time. Fourthly, in the case of determining the rotation angle and the translation amount, the data splicing is realized by coordinate transformation of the data measured many times in MATLAB. At the same time, the corresponding positive solution model and inverse solution model are established, and then the error caused by the parameters is simulated and analyzed. The results show that: (1) when the sensor rotation reference point is located at the position from the 215mm, the error is minimum; (2) when the condition of (1) is satisfied, the sensor avoids the position of X direction and Y direction edge in the measurement area. (3) the sensor rotation angle error 胃 has the same effect on the splicing error. The smaller 胃, the smaller the maximum error is, so the appropriate angle encoder can be selected according to the requirement of measurement accuracy.
【学位授予单位】：西南交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TN249

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