GPS海洋水汽信息反演及三维层析研究
发布时间：2018-08-28 20:19
【摘要】：海洋是水、汽交换的主要场所,大气中86%的水汽来源于海洋。连续、实时、高精度地获取海洋水汽信息,对准确地掌握天气系统的演化非常重要。我国东临太平洋,太平洋暖湿气流为我国的东部地区带来了大量的水汽及降水,也造成了沿海地区海洋灾害的频繁发生。因此,加强海洋水汽信息的监测方法和应用研究,是有效应对全球气候变化的重要手段,也是海洋防灾减灾的关键措施。 GPS气象学(GPS Meteorology,简称GPS/MET)研究为海洋水汽信息反演提供了新的途径。近20年来,地基GPS气象学快速发展和深入应用,国内外出现了大量的地基GPS气象的研究成果和应用系统,针对陆地稳固GPS站的GPS可降水汽(precipitable water vapor, GPS/PWV)反演方法基本成熟和完善,也为海上动态环境的GPS水汽监测提供了基础和借鉴。海上缺乏密集、稳固的GPS安装平台,只能以海洋浮标或航行船舶为载体。国外多位学者分别利用船载或浮标GPS数据,对近海乃至开阔海域上空GPS/PWV信息的反演方法进行了一些探索性研究,取得了令人鼓舞的结果,从而将地基GPS气象学的研究与应用由陆地推向海洋。GPS海洋水汽遥感一直缺乏系统性研究,海上动态GPS斜路径水汽(slant-path water vapor, GPS/SWV)信息提取及海洋上空三维水汽层析是GPS海洋水汽信息反演的重点和难点,国内外尚无相关专题研究。因此,海上动态GPS水汽信息反演研究已成为地基GPS气象学研究的薄弱环节。 本文以渤海为研究区域,对GPS海洋水汽信息反演和三维水汽层析展开研究,形成了一套基于动态GPS的海洋水汽信息反演技术和方法,研制了相关数据处理软件,验证了本文提出的所有方法及其结果。利用本文的研究成果,借助海面浮体上的GPS设备,可以实现海洋水汽信息的连续和高精度监测,以弥补星载或机载微波遥感、海上探空气球等方式的不足,为海气交换研究提供基础性数据,也为灾害性海洋天气的预报和预警服务。 本文主要研究内容和相关结论如下： (1)精密单点定位(precise point positioning, PPP)软件研制和精度分析 基于序贯最小二乘估计方法,利用IGS等提供的精密卫星星历和钟差产品,作者与香港理工大学等联合研制了精密单点定位软件UNIP。相对于高精度事后差分处理软件GrafNavTM解算得到的双差固定解,在航行状态下,UNIP软件得到的海上船载动态PPP解在X,Y,Z三个方向的RMS均在±2cm以内。因此,基于PPP技术和UNIP软件可以实现海上移动平台的厘米级动态精密定位,为海上高精度动态GPS水汽探测提供了良好的平台。 (2)海上动态GPS大气可降水汽(PWV)估计 系统、深入地研究了海上动态GPS/PWV信息提取方法,导出了其函数模型和随机模型。结合海洋动态观测环境和海上水汽信息的时空变化,引入随机游走过程估计方法,动态模拟船载GPS接收机天顶对流层湿延迟(zenith wet delay, ZWD)在时间和空间尺度上的随机变化,在滤波处理时附加ZWD参数的动态噪声约束；并对不同噪声约束及卫星截止高度角对海上动态GPS/PWV信息提取精度的影响进行了讨论和分析。 基于UNIP软件平台,开发了’GPS/PWV信息提取模块。利用渤海船载动态GPS测量和同步气象观测数据,进行了海上动态GPS/PWV信息提取和精度验证。结果表明：海上船载动态GPS/PWVMM5模式积分水汽基本一致;以后者为参考值,GPS/PWV的偏差在3mm以内,RMS优于1.2mm,这一结果明显好于国外现有研究结果。 (3)海上动态GPS斜路径水汽含量(SWV)估计 在海上动态GPS/PWV信息提取的基础上,本文进一步对海上动态GPS/SWV信息提取进行了深入研究。在现有计算方法的基础上,对海上动态GPS/SWV的提取算法进行改进,提出了顾及星间单差残差的GPS/SWV提取方法。 利用渤海船载动态GPS测量和同步气象观测数据,提取了海上动态GPS/SWV信息,并对改进算法进行了数据验证和精度分析。结果表明：海上动态GPS/SWV的估算精度可以达到mm量级,与地基GPS/SWV的估算精度相当。相对于MM5模式积分水汽结果,采用本文提出的SWV提取方法,海上动态GPS/SWV的偏差在±3.5mm以内,其RMS为1.2mm,相比传统的“非差残差法”,精度提高1mm左右,改善效果较为明显。 (4) GPS三维水汽层析的算法研究和软件研制 本文对附加约束条件的水汽层析算法进行了系统和深入的研究。以附加约束条件的水汽层析方法为基础,采用序贯逐次滤波的数据处理手段,引入随机游走过程估计方法,在分时段逐次滤波处理中兼顾水汽层析参数随时间变化的特性；同时,针对海洋水汽资料相对匮乏的客观实际,提出和设计了无先验信息约束的水汽层析处理模式,使其史加适用于海洋三维水汽场的构建。 基于上述算法,作者研制了GPS三维水汽层析软件3DTom,分别利用香港CORS参考站网数据和无线电探空数据、渤海船载动态GPS观测数据和MM5模式数据进行了算法验证和精度分析。结果表明：①附加低精度先验信息约束的处理方案的水汽层析结果相对较差,在水汽分布的主要高度层(1-4km)上均出现了较大的偏差；而附加高精度先验信息约束的处理方案的水汽层析结果在三种方案中相对最优,与探空结果最为接近。该结果进一步验证了先验信息的精度对GPS水汽层析的不同影响,高精度的先验信息可进一步改善GPS水汽层析结果。②无先验信息约束的处理方案的水汽层析结果同样优于低精度先验信息约束方案,与高精度先验信息约束方案的解算结果基本一致。在先验信息精度较低或缺少先验信息的情况下,本文提出的无先验信息约束的GPS水汽层析处理模式同样取得了较为理想的结果,具有更大的应用价值。 (5)渤海三维水汽场的构建方法研究 以渤海为研究区域,本文对渤海上空GPS三维水汽场的构建思路和方法进行了深入地探讨。利用沿岸地基GPS固定站和海上船载或浮标动态GPS移动观测平台,实现对渤海上空水汽的连续监测。以沿岸地基GPS观测为基础,利用船载动态GPS观测进行加密,组建“动态GPS气象监测网”,同时结合HY-2扫描微波辐射计获取的柱状水汽产品,提出了陆、海、空联合探测渤海上空水汽空问分布的研究思路和设计方案。 首次对渤海上空GPS水汽信息反演和三维水汽层析进行了系统研究。以渤海局域上空(东经120.75。-122.0。,北纬37.5。～38.25。)为试验区域,利用沿岸地基GPS观测和海上船载动态GPS测量数据,借助研制的UNIP和3DTom软件,构建了渤海局域上空大气湿折射率的空间分布。以MM5模式数据为参考值,对GPS三维水汽层析结果进行了精度分析。结果表明：GPS三维水汽层析结果与MM5估算结果基本一致,各分层网格单元的均方根差(RMS)均优于10mm/km,所有层析网格单元(voxel)大气湿折射率的RMS优于5mm/km,在渤海局域上空稀疏水汽资料条件下,取得了较为理想的结果。 以环黄渤海沿岸地基GPS/PWV为参考值,首次对HY-2扫描微波辐射计获取的柱状水汽产品进行了验证和精度分析。HY-2柱状水汽产品与地基GPS/PWV结果具有良好的一致性,可作为GPS海洋三维水汽层析的一种新的数据源。
[Abstract]:Ocean is the main place for water and vapor exchange. 86% of the water vapor in the atmosphere comes from the ocean. It is very important to obtain the information of ocean vapor continuously, real-time and accurately, so as to grasp the evolution of weather system accurately. As marine disasters occur frequently in the region, it is important to strengthen the monitoring methods and applications of marine water vapor information for effective global climate change, and it is also a key measure for marine disaster prevention and mitigation.
The study of GPS Meteorology (GPS/MET) provides a new way for the retrieval of ocean water vapor information. In the past 20 years, ground-based GPS meteorology has developed rapidly and been applied in depth. A large number of research results and application systems of ground-based GPS meteorology have appeared at home and abroad. The GPS precipitable water vapor (G PS/PWV inversion method is basically mature and perfect, and it also provides the basis and reference for GPS water vapor monitoring in the marine dynamic environment. There is a lack of dense and stable GPS installation platform at sea, which can only be carried by ocean buoys or sailing ships. The inversion method has made some exploratory research and obtained encouraging results, thus pushing the research and application of ground-based GPS meteorology from land to ocean. There has been a lack of systematic research on GPS ocean water vapor remote sensing, slant-path water vapor (GPS/SWV) information extraction and three-dimensional water vapor layer over the ocean. Analysis is the key and difficult point of GPS ocean water vapor information inversion, and there is no special topic research at home and abroad.
In this paper, the Bohai Sea is taken as the research area, and the GPS ocean water vapor information inversion and three-dimensional water vapor tomography are studied. A set of inversion techniques and methods of ocean water vapor information based on dynamic GPS are formed, and the relevant data processing software is developed. All the methods and results presented in this paper are verified. GPS equipment on board can realize continuous and high-precision monitoring of ocean water vapor information to compensate for the inadequacy of space-borne or airborne microwave remote sensing, marine sounding balloon and other methods, provide basic data for air-sea exchange research, and also serve for the forecast and early warning of disastrous ocean weather.
The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) software development and accuracy analysis of precise point positioning (PPP).
Based on the sequential least squares estimation method and the precise satellite ephemeris and clock offset products provided by IGS, the author and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University jointly developed the precise single-point positioning software UNIP. Compared with the double-difference fixed solution obtained by the high-precision post-processing software GrafNavTM, the UNIP software obtained the ship-borne under the navigation condition. The dynamic PPP solutions are all within (+2 cm) in X, Y and Z directions. Therefore, centimeter-level dynamic precise positioning of offshore mobile platform can be realized based on PPP technology and UNIP software, which provides a good platform for high-precision dynamic GPS water vapor detection.
(2) estimation of Atmospheric Precipitable vapor (PWV) at sea by dynamic GPS
In this paper, the method of extracting dynamic GPS/PWV information on the sea is studied systematically, and its function model and stochastic model are derived. Combining the dynamic observation environment of the sea and the temporal and spatial variation of water vapor information on the sea, a stochastic walk estimation method is introduced to dynamically simulate the zenith wet delay (ZWD) of the ship-borne GPS receiver. The influence of different noise constraints and satellite cut-off height angles on the accuracy of marine dynamic GPS/PWV information extraction is discussed and analyzed.
Based on UNIP software platform,'GPS/PWV information extraction module is developed. The marine dynamic GPS/PWV information extraction and accuracy verification are carried out by using ship-borne dynamic GPS survey and synchronous meteorological observation data in the Bohai Sea. RMS is superior to 1.2mm, and this result is obviously better than the existing research results abroad.
(3) estimation of water vapor content (SWV) in the dynamic GPS oblique path at sea.
Based on the extraction of marine dynamic GPS/PWV information, this paper further studies the extraction of marine dynamic GPS/SWV information. On the basis of the existing calculation method, the extraction algorithm of marine dynamic GPS/SWV is improved, and a method of GPS/SWV extraction considering inter-satellite single error residuals is proposed.
Based on the ship-borne dynamic GPS survey and synchronous meteorological observation data in the Bohai Sea, the marine dynamic GPS/SWV information is extracted, and the improved algorithm is verified and analyzed. The results show that the estimation accuracy of the marine dynamic GPS/SWV can reach mm magnitude, which is equivalent to that of the base GPS/SWV. With the SWV extraction method proposed in this paper, the offshore dynamic GPS/SWV deviation is within (+3.5mm) and its RMS is 1.2mm. Compared with the traditional "non-error residual method", the precision is improved by about 1mm, and the improvement effect is obvious.
(4) algorithm research and software development of GPS three-dimensional water vapor chromatography.
In this paper, the water vapor tomography algorithm with additional constraints is studied systematically and thoroughly. Based on the water vapor tomography method with additional constraints, the data processing method of sequential successive filtering is adopted, and the random walk process estimation method is introduced. The time-varying characteristics of the water vapor tomography parameters are taken into account in the successive filtering processing of time intervals. At the same time, in view of the fact that the ocean water vapor data are relatively scarce, a new model of water vapor tomography without prior information constraints is proposed and designed to make it more suitable for the construction of three-dimensional ocean water vapor field.
Based on the above algorithm, the author develops a GPS three-dimensional water vapor tomography software 3DTom. The algorithm validation and accuracy analysis are carried out by using CORS reference station network data and radio sounding data in Hong Kong, dynamic GPS data and MM5 model data in Bohai Sea. The results show that: (1) the water vapor layer with additional low-precision prior information constraints is processed. The analysis results are relatively poor, and there are large deviations in the main height layer (1-4km) of water vapor distribution. The results of water vapor tomography with high-precision prior information constraints are relatively optimal among the three schemes, which is most close to the sounding results. The results further verify that the accuracy of prior information is not correct for GPS water vapor tomography. With the same effect, high-precision prior information can further improve the results of GPS water vapor tomography. 2. The results of water vapor tomography with no prior information constraints are also better than those with low-precision prior information constraints, and are basically consistent with those with high-precision prior information constraints. In this case, the proposed GPS water vapor tomography model without prior information constraints also achieves better results and has greater application value.
(5) construction method of three-dimensional water vapor field in Bohai
Taking the Bohai Sea as the research area, the idea and method of constructing three-dimensional water vapor field with GPS over the Bohai Sea are discussed in this paper. The continuous monitoring of water vapor over the Bohai Sea is realized by using the coastal ground-based GPS fixed station and the offshore ship-borne or buoy-borne dynamic GPS mobile observation platform. Based on the coastal ground-based GPS observation, the ship-borne dynamic GPS observation is used. A dynamic GPS meteorological monitoring network is established by encrypting and combining with the columnar water vapor products obtained by HY-2 scanning microwave radiometer, the research idea and design scheme of joint land-sea-air detection of water vapor distribution over the Bohai Sea are put forward.
GPS water vapor information inversion and three-dimensional water vapor tomography over the Bohai Sea are studied systematically for the first time. The local air humidity over the Bohai Sea is constructed by using coastal ground-based GPS observations and ship-borne dynamic GPS measurements with the help of UNIP and 3D Tom software. The results show that the results of GPS three-dimensional water vapor tomography are basically consistent with those of MM5. The RMS of each grid element is better than 10 mm/km. The RMS of all the voxel elements is superior to that of the MM5 elements. At 5mm/km, the ideal results are obtained under the condition of sparse water vapor data over Bohai.
The cylindrical water vapor products obtained by HY-2 scanning microwave radiometer are validated and analyzed for the first time. The results of HY-2 cylindrical water vapor products are in good agreement with those obtained by GPS/PWV. It can be used as a new data source for GPS marine three-dimensional water vapor tomography.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P732;P228.4
本文编号：2210501
[Abstract]:Ocean is the main place for water and vapor exchange. 86% of the water vapor in the atmosphere comes from the ocean. It is very important to obtain the information of ocean vapor continuously, real-time and accurately, so as to grasp the evolution of weather system accurately. As marine disasters occur frequently in the region, it is important to strengthen the monitoring methods and applications of marine water vapor information for effective global climate change, and it is also a key measure for marine disaster prevention and mitigation.
The study of GPS Meteorology (GPS/MET) provides a new way for the retrieval of ocean water vapor information. In the past 20 years, ground-based GPS meteorology has developed rapidly and been applied in depth. A large number of research results and application systems of ground-based GPS meteorology have appeared at home and abroad. The GPS precipitable water vapor (G PS/PWV inversion method is basically mature and perfect, and it also provides the basis and reference for GPS water vapor monitoring in the marine dynamic environment. There is a lack of dense and stable GPS installation platform at sea, which can only be carried by ocean buoys or sailing ships. The inversion method has made some exploratory research and obtained encouraging results, thus pushing the research and application of ground-based GPS meteorology from land to ocean. There has been a lack of systematic research on GPS ocean water vapor remote sensing, slant-path water vapor (GPS/SWV) information extraction and three-dimensional water vapor layer over the ocean. Analysis is the key and difficult point of GPS ocean water vapor information inversion, and there is no special topic research at home and abroad.
In this paper, the Bohai Sea is taken as the research area, and the GPS ocean water vapor information inversion and three-dimensional water vapor tomography are studied. A set of inversion techniques and methods of ocean water vapor information based on dynamic GPS are formed, and the relevant data processing software is developed. All the methods and results presented in this paper are verified. GPS equipment on board can realize continuous and high-precision monitoring of ocean water vapor information to compensate for the inadequacy of space-borne or airborne microwave remote sensing, marine sounding balloon and other methods, provide basic data for air-sea exchange research, and also serve for the forecast and early warning of disastrous ocean weather.
The main contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) software development and accuracy analysis of precise point positioning (PPP).
Based on the sequential least squares estimation method and the precise satellite ephemeris and clock offset products provided by IGS, the author and the Hong Kong Polytechnic University jointly developed the precise single-point positioning software UNIP. Compared with the double-difference fixed solution obtained by the high-precision post-processing software GrafNavTM, the UNIP software obtained the ship-borne under the navigation condition. The dynamic PPP solutions are all within (+2 cm) in X, Y and Z directions. Therefore, centimeter-level dynamic precise positioning of offshore mobile platform can be realized based on PPP technology and UNIP software, which provides a good platform for high-precision dynamic GPS water vapor detection.
(2) estimation of Atmospheric Precipitable vapor (PWV) at sea by dynamic GPS
In this paper, the method of extracting dynamic GPS/PWV information on the sea is studied systematically, and its function model and stochastic model are derived. Combining the dynamic observation environment of the sea and the temporal and spatial variation of water vapor information on the sea, a stochastic walk estimation method is introduced to dynamically simulate the zenith wet delay (ZWD) of the ship-borne GPS receiver. The influence of different noise constraints and satellite cut-off height angles on the accuracy of marine dynamic GPS/PWV information extraction is discussed and analyzed.
Based on UNIP software platform,'GPS/PWV information extraction module is developed. The marine dynamic GPS/PWV information extraction and accuracy verification are carried out by using ship-borne dynamic GPS survey and synchronous meteorological observation data in the Bohai Sea. RMS is superior to 1.2mm, and this result is obviously better than the existing research results abroad.
(3) estimation of water vapor content (SWV) in the dynamic GPS oblique path at sea.
Based on the extraction of marine dynamic GPS/PWV information, this paper further studies the extraction of marine dynamic GPS/SWV information. On the basis of the existing calculation method, the extraction algorithm of marine dynamic GPS/SWV is improved, and a method of GPS/SWV extraction considering inter-satellite single error residuals is proposed.
Based on the ship-borne dynamic GPS survey and synchronous meteorological observation data in the Bohai Sea, the marine dynamic GPS/SWV information is extracted, and the improved algorithm is verified and analyzed. The results show that the estimation accuracy of the marine dynamic GPS/SWV can reach mm magnitude, which is equivalent to that of the base GPS/SWV. With the SWV extraction method proposed in this paper, the offshore dynamic GPS/SWV deviation is within (+3.5mm) and its RMS is 1.2mm. Compared with the traditional "non-error residual method", the precision is improved by about 1mm, and the improvement effect is obvious.
(4) algorithm research and software development of GPS three-dimensional water vapor chromatography.
In this paper, the water vapor tomography algorithm with additional constraints is studied systematically and thoroughly. Based on the water vapor tomography method with additional constraints, the data processing method of sequential successive filtering is adopted, and the random walk process estimation method is introduced. The time-varying characteristics of the water vapor tomography parameters are taken into account in the successive filtering processing of time intervals. At the same time, in view of the fact that the ocean water vapor data are relatively scarce, a new model of water vapor tomography without prior information constraints is proposed and designed to make it more suitable for the construction of three-dimensional ocean water vapor field.
Based on the above algorithm, the author develops a GPS three-dimensional water vapor tomography software 3DTom. The algorithm validation and accuracy analysis are carried out by using CORS reference station network data and radio sounding data in Hong Kong, dynamic GPS data and MM5 model data in Bohai Sea. The results show that: (1) the water vapor layer with additional low-precision prior information constraints is processed. The analysis results are relatively poor, and there are large deviations in the main height layer (1-4km) of water vapor distribution. The results of water vapor tomography with high-precision prior information constraints are relatively optimal among the three schemes, which is most close to the sounding results. The results further verify that the accuracy of prior information is not correct for GPS water vapor tomography. With the same effect, high-precision prior information can further improve the results of GPS water vapor tomography. 2. The results of water vapor tomography with no prior information constraints are also better than those with low-precision prior information constraints, and are basically consistent with those with high-precision prior information constraints. In this case, the proposed GPS water vapor tomography model without prior information constraints also achieves better results and has greater application value.
(5) construction method of three-dimensional water vapor field in Bohai
Taking the Bohai Sea as the research area, the idea and method of constructing three-dimensional water vapor field with GPS over the Bohai Sea are discussed in this paper. The continuous monitoring of water vapor over the Bohai Sea is realized by using the coastal ground-based GPS fixed station and the offshore ship-borne or buoy-borne dynamic GPS mobile observation platform. Based on the coastal ground-based GPS observation, the ship-borne dynamic GPS observation is used. A dynamic GPS meteorological monitoring network is established by encrypting and combining with the columnar water vapor products obtained by HY-2 scanning microwave radiometer, the research idea and design scheme of joint land-sea-air detection of water vapor distribution over the Bohai Sea are put forward.
GPS water vapor information inversion and three-dimensional water vapor tomography over the Bohai Sea are studied systematically for the first time. The local air humidity over the Bohai Sea is constructed by using coastal ground-based GPS observations and ship-borne dynamic GPS measurements with the help of UNIP and 3D Tom software. The results show that the results of GPS three-dimensional water vapor tomography are basically consistent with those of MM5. The RMS of each grid element is better than 10 mm/km. The RMS of all the voxel elements is superior to that of the MM5 elements. At 5mm/km, the ideal results are obtained under the condition of sparse water vapor data over Bohai.
The cylindrical water vapor products obtained by HY-2 scanning microwave radiometer are validated and analyzed for the first time. The results of HY-2 cylindrical water vapor products are in good agreement with those obtained by GPS/PWV. It can be used as a new data source for GPS marine three-dimensional water vapor tomography.
【学位授予单位】：武汉大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：P732;P228.4
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