海洋石油企业溢油风险评估及灾害应急管理体系构建研究

发布时间：2018-05-03 23:43

本文选题：海洋溢油灾害 + 企业管理　；参考：《中国海洋大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：随着人类社会对石油需求量的日益增加,石油开采力度也随之加大,出现了陆上石油资源储量降低及开发要求升高的局面。面对严峻的形势和挑战,石油资源的勘探范围逐渐由陆上扩展至海洋。海底蕴藏着储量丰富的石油和天然气,为社会经济提供了充足的资源保障,海洋石油开发工作在提供石油能源的同时也发挥着双刃剑效应——溢油灾害的存在给海洋生态环境和人类社会经济都带来了严重危害。对海洋溢油灾害进行风险评估、构建高效的灾害应急管理体系对海洋溢油的防灾减灾工作提供很大帮助,在海洋石油开发过程中,特殊的工作环境使溢油致灾因子呈现多样化：海洋石油勘探开发过程中存在技术陈旧、设备故障；油气储运过程中管线破裂、船舶碰撞；石油企业管理层的管理素质；生产操作层的身体状况、思想素质以及企业管理制度的适应性等溢油安全因素,多样化的致灾因子给溢油灾害的防范和救治工作带来了巨大的困难和挑战,通过查阅国内外有关海洋溢油风险评估的研究成果,资料显示：以往专家和学者对海洋溢油风险的防范工作主要从研发先进监测系统、提升监测数据准确度等方面进行溢油灾情的监测和防范,注重凭借监测技术对企业风险等级进行确定。从导致原因上来看,海洋溢油属于人为灾害,人的行为与致灾因子的动态存在密切关系。因此,拟以溢油致灾因子中的人为要素为切入点,从管理学角度出发,将相对可控的人为因素分为组织管理层和生产操作层两类评价指标,进行海洋石油企业溢油风险评估研究,对于海洋石油企业中存在的溢油风险,要加强灾害应急工作的建设,基于Haddon模型的“三阶段、三因素”理论,将我国溢油应急管理体系进行现状分析,找出灾前监测、灾中应急、灾后治理三个应急过程中存在的不足,有针对性的进行问题剖析。借鉴美国、加拿大的先进海洋溢油应急管理经验,为我国构建高效的海洋溢油灾害应急体系提出详细对策和建议。将研究内容和拟解决问题进行思路和内容上的梳理,本论文的研究顺序及框架内容如下：(1)海洋溢油风险评估及灾害应急管理体系构建的理论基础将溢油风险及灾害应急管理进行概念和内容上的表述,介绍了风险评估、应急体系构建的常用方法和研究模型,对海洋溢油灾害研究过程遵循的企业管理、可持续发展、风险管理等相关理论进行了详细阐述,为保障研究开展的科学性和合理性奠定必要的理论基础。(2)海洋溢油灾害成因及危害以中国海洋石油总公司为例对海洋石油企业的生产特点、组织结构、发展历程及现状进行概述,特殊的生产环境和生产特点决定了海洋溢油事故存在的必然性,将存在于油气勘探、生产开发和油气储运不同环节的溢油种类进行分析,确定事故来源及造成溢油灾害的根本原因；通过对溢油颗粒在海洋环境中迁移规律的分析,明确溢油灾害对海洋环境、海洋生态及人类社会造成的具体危害,论证了对溢油灾害进行风险评估和构建灾害应急体系的紧迫性和必要性。(3)海洋溢油灾害的致灾因素机理分析在明确海洋溢油灾害危害程度的基础上,根据溢油灾害种类对溢油致灾因子、孕灾环境进行分类剖析,确定不同类型溢油灾害的发生机理、灾害特征及灾害防治要求,为下文从管理角度进行溢油风险指标的识别和选取做铺垫。(4)海洋石油企业溢油风险因素的识别与分析根据海洋石油企业生产特点,分别从企业管理层的管理能力、生产操作层的技术水平、和企业环境等方面进行溢油灾害影响因素的选取,将选取指标设计成海洋石油企业溢油风险因素调查问卷,选取熟知海洋石油企业管理及生产过程的专家对调研内容进行详细填写和内容反馈,将获得的微观数据统计整理,对其进行信度和效度检验,确保调研数据的准确性。在此基础上,运用SPSS分析软件对溢油风险因素进行关键因子识别,确定各级溢油风险指标。最终确定的海洋石油企业溢油风险因素集涵盖：管理者应急处理能力、管理监督能力和协调沟通能力；企业规章制度的适应性、组织管理精细化程度、企业奖罚机制合理性；生产操作者的学历程度、从业时间、创新能力、学习能力、心理素质、生理素质、责任意识、道德品质、岗位忠诚度、所处的工作和休息环境,共17个具体指标。(5)海洋石油企业溢油风险评估过程及结果运用鉴于每个海洋石油企业的具体生产状况存在差异,溢油风险指标的权重也各不相同,以胜利油田海洋采油厂为研究对象,运用前面章节确定的溢油风险因素集,对该企业进行溢油风险等级评估工作的实证分析,邀请该企业高层管理者和资深业务专家对该企业各项溢油灾害风险指标的重要性程度进行量化,确定指标体系中每个指标的权重,构建溢油风险评价指标体系,随机选取企业中从事管理和生产的员工进行企业溢油风险状况调查,将调研数据运用基于层次分析法的模糊综合评价方法进行数据处理和结果分析,由评价结果得出,胜利油田海洋采油厂的总体溢油风险等级较低,但生产操作层的业余环境指标处于风险较高的等级。因此,需要加强员工业余休息环境的改善或缩短员工单个作业周期,以缓解自然环境给员工工作和生活造成的负面影响,提高作业效率和准确度。由风险评价过程可以看出,对于风险等级较高指标所涉及的管理和生产环节,需及时进行安全隐患排查和程序合理化调整,以期降低企业溢油风险,确保海洋石油生产工作安全进行。(6)海洋溢油灾害应急管理体系的构建海洋石油企业对溢油风险进行合理评估,是防范溢油灾害的有效措施；同时,高效的应急管理体系在企业进行溢油防范和治理工作中也处于举足轻重的地位,根据Haddon模型的分析理念,对我国应急管理体系进行现状分析和原因查找,在美国、加拿大等先进海洋溢油应急管理经验启发下,结合我国海洋石油企业实际情况,分别从灾前监测预防阶段、灾害应急处置阶段和灾后评估治理阶段分层次、分阶段地提出建设高效海洋溢油灾害应急体系的相关对策和建议。在企业管理理论、风险管理理论及可持续发展理论指导下,结合海洋石油企业生产特点,对海洋石油企业的溢油风险进行评估,提出构建高效海洋溢油应急管理体系的具体措施。在以往凭借监测技术对海洋溢油灾害风险进行等级确定的基础上,从企业内部的管理层和生产操作层选取风险评价指标进行内容构思和过程探索,实现了溢油风险分析角度和风险等级确定方法上的创新。在今后的研究工作中,将继续结合海洋石油企业具体运营状况,对管理和生产中的安全指标进行更加细致的总结和归纳,促进溢油风险指标体系的进一步完善,以期为保护海洋生态、维护社会稳定、实现海洋资源的可持续利用提供帮助。
[Abstract]:With the increasing demand for oil in the human society, the intensity of oil exploitation has increased, and the reserves of oil resources have been reduced and the requirements for development have risen. The social economy provides sufficient resources guarantee, and the offshore oil development work also plays a double-edged sword effect while providing petroleum energy. The existence of oil spill has brought serious harm to the marine ecological environment and the human society and economy. The risk assessment of the marine oil spill disaster and the construction of an efficient disaster emergency management system are established. In the process of marine oil development, the special working environment makes the oil spill factors diversify in the process of offshore oil development. In the process of offshore oil exploration and development, there are technical obsolescence, equipment failure, pipeline rupture, ship collision and management quality of oil enterprise management. The physical condition of the production operation layer, the ideological quality and the adaptability of the enterprise management system, such as the oil spill safety factors, and the diversification of the disaster causing factors have brought great difficulties and challenges to the prevention and treatment of the oil spill disaster. By consulting the research results on the assessment of marine oil spill risk at home and abroad, the data show that the previous experts and The prevention of marine oil spill risk mainly from the research and development of advanced monitoring system, the improvement of monitoring data accuracy and other aspects of monitoring and prevention of the oil spill disaster, focusing on the monitoring technology to determine the risk level of the enterprise. From the cause, the marine oil spill is a man-made disaster, the behavior of human and the dynamics of the disaster factors. Therefore, the artificial factor in the oil spill factor is the breakthrough point. From the management point of view, the relative controllable human factors are divided into two kinds of evaluation indexes, organization management layer and production operation layer, and the risk assessment of oil spill in offshore oil enterprises should be studied, and the oil spill risk in offshore oil enterprises should be added. The construction of strong disaster emergency work, based on the "three stage, three factor" theory of Haddon model, analyzes the current situation of oil spill emergency management system in China, and finds out the shortcomings in the three emergency processes of pre disaster monitoring, disaster emergency and post disaster management. The detailed countermeasures and suggestions are put forward for the construction of efficient marine oil spill emergency system in China. The contents and contents of the research content and the problems to be solved are summarized. The following research sequence and framework are as follows: (1) the theoretical basis of the marine oil spill risk assessment and disaster emergency management system will be based on the oil spill. The concept and content of risk and disaster emergency management are expressed, the common methods and research models of risk assessment, emergency system construction are introduced, and the related theories of enterprise management, sustainable development and risk management followed in the study process of marine oil spill are expounded in detail so as to ensure the scientific and rational development of the research. The necessary theoretical basis is laid. (2) the causes and hazards of the marine oil spill disaster are summarized by China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) as an example of the production characteristics, organization structure, development course and present situation of the marine oil enterprises. The special production environment and production characteristics determine the inevitability of the marine oil spill, which will exist in oil and gas exploration and production. The types of oil spill in different links of oil and gas storage and transportation are analyzed, the source of the accident and the root cause of the oil spill are determined. Through the analysis of the migration law of the spilled oil particles in the marine environment, the specific hazards caused by the oil spill to the marine environment, the marine ecology and the human society are clearly defined, and the risk of the oil spill is demonstrated. The urgency and necessity of evaluating and constructing disaster emergency system. (3) on the basis of determining the damage degree of the marine oil spill disaster, based on the damage degree of the marine oil spill, according to the types of spilled oil, the environment of the spilled oil is classified and analyzed, and the mechanism of the different types of oil spill disaster is determined, the characteristics and disaster of the disaster are determined. According to the characteristics of offshore oil enterprises, the identification and analysis of the risk factors for oil spill in marine petroleum enterprises, according to the production characteristics of offshore oil enterprises, are carried out from the management ability of the enterprise management, the technical level of the production operation layer and the enterprise environment, respectively. (4) the identification and analysis of the oil spill risk factors in marine petroleum enterprises The selection of the influencing factors will be selected as the questionnaire for the risk factors of oil spill in marine petroleum enterprises, and the experts who know the management and production process of the offshore oil enterprises are fully filled in and the content feedback, the microscopic data will be collected, the reliability and validity of the data are tested to ensure the accuracy of the survey data. On this basis, the SPSS analysis software is used to identify the key factors of the oil spill risk factors and determine the risk indicators of oil spill at all levels. The final determination of the risk factors for oil spill in the marine oil enterprises includes the managers' emergency handling capacity, the management supervision ability and the coordination and communication ability; the adaptability of the enterprise rules and regulations and the organization and management. The degree of refinement, the rationality of the mechanism of rewards and punishment, the degree of education, the time of work, the ability to innovate, the learning ability, the psychological quality, the physiological quality, the sense of responsibility, the moral quality, the job loyalty, the work and the rest environment, 17 specific indications. (5) the process of oil spill risk assessment and the result application of the marine oil enterprises. The specific production situation of each marine oil enterprise is different, and the weight of the oil spill risk index is different. Taking the marine oil production plant of Shengli Oilfield as the research object, using the set of risk factors of the oil spill established in the preceding chapter, the empirical analysis of the risk grade evaluation of the oil spill is carried out, and the high management and capital of the enterprise are invited. The deep business experts quantify the importance of the risk index of the oil spill, determine the weight of each index in the index system, construct the evaluation index system of the oil spill risk, randomly select the employees engaged in management and production in the enterprise to investigate the risk status of the oil spill in the enterprise, and use the analytic hierarchy process based on the analytic hierarchy process. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used for data processing and results analysis. From the evaluation results, the overall oil spill risk grade of the Shengli oil field oil production plant is low, but the amateur environmental indicators in the production operation layer are at a higher risk level. Therefore, it is necessary to improve or shorten the individual operation cycle of the staff's industrial residual rest environment. In order to alleviate the negative impact of the natural environment on the work and life of the employees and improve the efficiency and accuracy of the work, it can be seen from the risk assessment process that, for the management and production links involved in the high index of risk, it is necessary to carry out a timely safety hazard investigation and a reasonable adjustment of the procedure in order to reduce the risk of oil spill and ensure the ocean. The safety of oil production work is carried out. (6) the establishment of an emergency management system for marine oil spill disasters is an effective measure to prevent the oil spill risk. At the same time, the efficient emergency management system is also in a pivotal position in the work of oil spill prevention and management in enterprises, according to the Haddon model. According to the analysis concept and the current situation analysis and reason search for China's emergency management system, under the Enlightenment of the advanced marine oil spill emergency management experience in the United States and Canada, combined with the actual situation of China's offshore oil enterprises, the stages of the pre disaster monitoring and prevention stage, the disaster emergency treatment stage and the post disaster assessment management stage are divided into stages. Under the guidance of the theory of enterprise management, the theory of risk management and the theory of sustainable development, combined with the production characteristics of offshore oil enterprises, this paper evaluates the oil spill risk of offshore oil enterprises and puts forward specific measures to build an emergency management system for high efficiency marine oil spill. On the basis of determining the risk of marine oil spill disaster by monitoring technology, the content conception and process exploration are selected from the management layer and production operation layer in the enterprise, and the innovation of the oil spill risk analysis angle and the risk grade determination method is realized. In the future research work, it will continue to come into being. In order to protect the marine ecology, maintain the social stability and realize the sustainable utilization of marine resources, the specific operation status of marine oil enterprises will be summed up and summarized in the management and production of the safety indicators so as to promote the further improvement of the oil spill risk index system.

【学位授予单位】：中国海洋大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X55

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