中国古代制铁炉壁材料初步研究

发布时间：2018-04-27 17:11

本文选题：冶金考古 + 制铁技术　；参考：《北京科技大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：中国古代发达的制铁技术以生铁与生铁制钢技术体系为核心,是中国古代高温技术的巅峰。制铁炉壁材料是冶金生产可耐高温的耐火材料,主要为硅酸盐材料,是制铁技术得以发生和发展的重要物质保障。目前,在全国各处冶铸遗址中均发现有大量的炉壁材料,但研究多为定性描述,影响了对古代制铁炉的全面认识,不利于中国古代冶金史和耐火材料史的深入研究,也掩盖了中国古代高度发达的高温技术体系的重要一环。本文通过文献考察,丰富了古代制铁炉炉壁材料的整体认识；对河南西平酒店、山东临淄齐故城、山东章丘东平陵城和北京延庆水泉沟等遗址的制铁炉进行了考察和取样。对古代制铁炉及其炉壁材料进行宏观观察,并对不同部位和不同材质的炉壁材料进行了分类,认为主要存在黏土质、砂质、砂泥质和石质等四类炉壁材料。通过样品的矿物显微和含量分析,明确了不同材质炉壁材料的结构特征,判断了不同材质炉壁材料的原料、制作工艺和技术性能。战国两汉时期,冶铁炉主要使用了夯土(酸性不定型)和黏土坯(酸性定型)作为炉壁材料,没有专门的炉衬；熔铁炉多使用泥质砖(酸性定型)作为炉体支撑材料,砂质材料(酸性定型或不定型)作为炉衬耐火材料。唐宋时期的冶铁炉则使用了石质材料作为炉体,砂泥质材料作为炉衬(酸性不定型)。酸性材料能够保证制铁炉不易被酸性炉渣侵蚀,使得制铁炉得以长时间、高效利用。研究表明,黏土质材料以黏土和粉砂为主,砂质材料以粗砂、少量岩屑为主,砂泥质材料则含大量的岩屑和粗砂、以黏土作为胶结剂。炉壁材料的技术性能主要包括结构稳定性、化学稳定性和耐热性等。不同组分对炉壁材料的技术性能有很大的影响。黏土易成型、有黏性但易熔融,添加了大量的砂和岩屑则增加了材料的耐热性、透气性和强度,而添加有机羼料后形成的空洞则有利于增加材料的气孔率。综合这些因素,认为结构稳定性上砂泥质材料高于砂质材料高于黏土质材料。不同炉壁材料的炉渣侵蚀状态不同,黏土质材料多表现为炉渣完全吞噬挂渣、减薄炉壁;而有砂泥质炉衬的保护,炉渣对炉壁的侵蚀表现为表层和随空洞侵蚀,程度自挂渣向炉壁,自风口向炉口、炉底减弱。砂泥质炉衬能更好地保护制铁炉本体,且为炉渣被动提供了少量的硅酸盐材料,是牺牲性保护材料。对样品的热分析和物相分析,判定了炉壁材料所经历的冶炼温度,多数在1000-1100℃之间;耐火度多位于1250-1350℃之间,古代炉壁材料的耐火度可以承受其所要经历的温度。以北京延庆水泉沟冶铁炉的炉壁材料(砂泥质炉衬+岩石炉体)为模拟对象,通过模拟制备炉壁,验证了古人在炉壁原料选择过程中多使用本地原料、未使用特殊耐火黏土,其制备过程简单、未寻求制陶等其他工艺部门的帮助。通过观察炉壁使用后的状况,验证了不同组分在炉壁材料性能中的表现、炉渣随空洞和裂缝侵蚀的状态、不同部位炉衬侵蚀度不同、炉衬参与冶炼、炉衬脱落与炉内氛围变化和炉底冻结直接相关等现象,直观认识到炉壁材料在冶金生产中的重要作用。通过总结文献、田野和实验室分析结果,认为中国古代制铁炉壁材料可能存在较为明显的时代差异,存在一条较为清晰的发展脉络。冶铁炉炉体支撑材料从黏土质(包括夯土、黏土坯)发展到砂泥质最后被石质材料取代,炉衬耐火材料则由黏土质(无专门炉衬的结果)发展到砂泥质。冶铁炉和熔铁炉也可以从炉壁材料上加以区分,熔铁炉炉体支撑材料先后为黏土质的泥质砖、砂泥质材料,而砂泥炉衬最终取代了砂质炉衬。炉衬的出现和发展,是古代生铁冶炼竖炉耐火材料技术史上的重大事件。分析认为古代炉壁材料的变化和发展是由多方面原因造成的,一是人们总是选择技术性能更为优良的材料替代性能较差的材料；二是环境和资源的变化也要求人们因地制宜的使用本地资源；三是冶金生产组织关系的变化,影响到冶金生产中炉壁制备的材料来源和制作工艺的变化,进而影响到材料的变化和发展。
[Abstract]:The developed technology of iron making in ancient China is the core of the technical system of pig iron and iron making steel. It is the peak of the high temperature technology in ancient China. The iron making furnace wall material is a refractory material which can endure high temperature in metallurgical production. It is mainly a silicate material. It is an important material guarantee for the occurrence and development of iron making technology. A large number of furnace wall materials are found, but the study is mostly qualitative description, which affects the comprehensive understanding of the ancient iron making furnace, is not conducive to the in-depth study of the history of metallurgical and refractory materials in ancient China, and also covers an important part of the highly developed high temperature technology system in ancient China.
Through the literature review, this paper enriches the overall understanding of the material of the ancient iron furnace furnace wall, and inspects and samples the iron making furnace of the Xiping hotel in Henan, Gucheng in Linzi, Shandong, Dongping, Zhangqiu, Dongping, Zhangqiu and Yanqing in Beijing, Beijing, etc., and makes macroscopic observation on the ancient iron furnace and its furnace wall materials, and the different parts and different parts. The material of the wall material is classified. It is considered that there are four kinds of wall materials, such as clay, sand, sand, mud and stone.
Through the analysis of the mineral microstructure and content of the samples, the structure characteristics of the material of different materials of the furnace wall are clarified, and the material of the material of the furnace wall materials of different materials is judged, the processing technology and the technical performance are judged. The molten iron furnace uses mud brick (acid setting) as the supporting material of furnace body, sand material (acid setting or amorphous) as lining refractory. The iron smelting furnace in the Tang and Song period used stone material as furnace body, sand and mud material as lining (acid unshaped). Acid material can ensure that iron furnace is not easily eroded by acid slag. The iron furnace can be used for a long time and efficient use. The research shows that clay materials are mainly clay and silt, the sand is mainly coarse sand and a small amount of debris, and the sand and mud materials contain a lot of rock and coarse sand, and clay is used as a cementing agent.
The technical performance of the furnace wall material mainly includes structural stability, chemical stability and heat resistance. Different components have great influence on the technical performance of furnace wall material. Clay is easy to form, is sticky but easy to melt, adding a large amount of sand and rock debris increases the heat resistance, permeability and strength of the material, and is formed after the addition of organic materials. Porosity is beneficial to increase the porosity of materials. Combined with these factors, it is considered that sand and clay materials with higher structural stability are higher than sandy materials than clay materials.
The slag erosion state of different furnace wall materials is different, and the clay material is mostly performed by the slag completely phagocytic slag and slagging and thinning the wall of the furnace; while the sand mud lining is protected, the erosion of the slag to the wall of the furnace is eroded by the surface and the hole, the degree of the slag is from the slag to the furnace wall, from the air outlet to the hearth, and the bottom of the furnace is weakened. The sand mud lining can better protect the iron furnace. It provides a small amount of silicate material passively for slag and is a sacrificial protective material.
The thermal analysis and phase analysis of the sample have determined that the smelting temperature experienced by the furnace wall material is mostly between 1000-1100 degrees C, and the refractoriness is between 1250-1350 degrees C, and the refractoriness of the ancient furnace wall material can bear the temperature it needs to experience.
With the furnace wall material (sand mud lining + rock furnace body) as the simulation object, the furnace wall of the Yanqing water spring gully smelting iron furnace in Beijing is simulated. It is proved that the ancient people used local raw materials in the selection process of the furnace wall and did not use special refractory clay. The preparation process is simple, and it does not seek the help of other technical departments such as pottery making. After the use of the wall, the performance of different components in the material performance of the furnace wall, the erosion of the slag with the hole and the crack, the different erosion degree of the furnace lining in different parts, the lining of the furnace lining and the change of the furnace atmosphere and the freezing of the bottom of the furnace are directly related, and the important work of the furnace wall material in metallurgical production is realized. Use.
By summarizing the literature and the results of field and laboratory analysis, it is believed that there may be a more obvious difference in the times of the ancient iron furnace wall material in China, and there is a clear development vein. The supporting material for the furnace body of the smelting iron furnace is developed from clay (including rammed soil and clay) to sand and mud to be replaced by stone material, and the lining refractory material is made up of The clay (no special lining results) developed to sand and mud. Iron smelting furnace and molten iron furnace can also be distinguished from the furnace wall material. The supporting materials of the molten iron furnace body are clay bricks, sand and mud materials, and the sand mud lining has finally replaced the sand lining. The appearance and development of the furnace lining are the refractory material technique of the ancient iron smelting shaft furnace. A major event in the history of the art.
The analysis holds that the changes and development of the ancient furnace wall materials are caused by many reasons. One is that people always choose materials with better technical properties instead of poor materials; two, the changes in the environment and resources also require people to use local resources according to local conditions; the three is the change in the relationship between metallurgical production and organization, which affects metallurgy. In the process of gold production, the change of material source and manufacturing process will affect the change and development of materials.

【学位授予单位】：北京科技大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TQ175.7

【参考文献】