洞庭湖主要经济鱼类的镉、铅分布特征及食用风险评价

发布时间：2017-12-30 21:08

本文关键词：洞庭湖主要经济鱼类的镉、铅分布特征及食用风险评价　出处：《中南林业科技大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：鱼类是优质的蛋白质来源,营养价值高,深受人们的青睐,是人类消费的主要水产品之一。目前,随着水环境重金属污染程度日趋严重,鱼类重金属污染也越来越受到人们的关注。鱼类重金属污染不仅会对鱼体自身造成危害、还会对水体生态环境安全以及淡水渔业的健康发展等造成一定影响。受污染鱼类可经食物链将其体内蓄积的重金属转移至人体中,严重威胁人们的消费安全和健康。因此,为保障消费者的食鱼安全和渔业的健康发展,对鱼体重金属的蓄积水平、污染水平分析和人类通过食鱼途径摄入重金属的健康风险评估及鱼类食用安全性评价显得尤为重要。本研究以2014年9月至2015年3月所采集的洞庭湖草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)、鳊鱼(Parabramis pekinensis)、鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、翘嘴湆(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)、乌鳢(Channa argus)、鳜鱼(Siniperca chuatsi)共六种名优经济鱼种为研究对象,采用湿式消解法进行样品前处理,分别采用石墨原子吸收光谱法(GF-AAS)、火焰原子吸收光谱法(AAS)对不同鱼体组织中的重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)含量(以湿重计算)进行测定。系统的分析鱼类Cd、Pb含量在各组织和种间的差异性及空间分布特征,另外,分析了食性、生境、体长和体重等因子对鱼类的Cd、Pb蓄积量的影响。最后采用单因子污染指数法、PTWI以及THQ评价洞庭湖鱼类的污染程度、食用安全性和健康风险。结果表明：(1)不同鱼类Cd、Pb的蓄积水平有明显差异,所测鱼类肌肉组织中的重金属Cd, Pb含量均未超过国家限量标准,处于安全可食用范围。不同被测组织对Cd、Pb的蓄积量差异性显著(p0.05),同一组织对Cd、Pb的蓄积量也不相同：Pb＞Cd。除少数鱼类的Cd、Pb蓄积量在鳞和皮中相对较高外,大部分鱼类主要集中在肝胰脏和肠中,肌肉中含量最少。(2)鱼类对Cd、Pb的蓄积水平在一定程度上受食性、生境、体长、体重以及季节变化的影响。主要体现在除所测肌肉组织中的Pb含量为：杂食性草食性肉食性外,其余均表现为：肉食性杂食性草食性,存在一定的生物放大作用。中上层鱼类与底栖鱼类对Cd、Pb的蓄积量相对较高,生活于中下层的草食性鱼类含量最低。各鱼种或组织间的Cd、Pb蓄积量与鱼体的体长、体重存在一定的正相关关系。秋季鱼类Cd、Pb的蓄积量高于春季。(3)随着采样点的不同,鱼类对Cd、Pb的蓄积量不同,存在空间差异。以草鱼、鳊鱼、鲤鱼、翘嘴鱼湆四种鱼体中Cd、Pb的平均蓄积量为参数进行Cd、Pb含量的空间分布特征比较分析,结果发现鱼类Cd、Pb的含量空间分布特征分别为：Cd：城陵矶=东洞庭湖西洞庭湖,Pb：城陵矶东洞庭湖西洞庭湖。以鲤鱼肌肉组织中的Cd、Pb蓄积量为参数进行Cd、Pb含量的空间分布特征分析,结果表明Cd分布特征为：城陵矶鹿角岳阳楼区君山区雷家嘴蒋家嘴大连障；Pb分布特征为：鹿角城陵矶岳阳楼区君山区雷家嘴蒋家嘴大连障。(4)洞庭湖所测鱼类肌肉中重金属污染水平为：PbCd.三个采样区域的污染水平为城陵矶东洞庭湖西洞庭湖。不同区域鱼类所测组织中的Cd、Pb蓄积量除肌肉组织处于正常背景值范围内(只0.2),其余各组织均存在不同程度的污染状态。(5)食用洞庭湖区鱼类(肌肉)两种重金属的THQ值均小于1,每周人均Cd、Pb摄入量(EWI)占PTWI的比值小于10%,无明显的健康风险,食用安全性较高。分别对湖区6种鱼所测组织进行健康风险评估的THQ值均小于1,但鳊鱼、鲤鱼、翘嘴湆、乌鳢四种鱼的肠道、肝胰脏中的Cd以及乌鳢肝胰脏中Pb的EWI占PTWI的比值大于10%,可认为大量食用该区域鲤鱼、翘嘴湆的肠可能存在一定的安全隐患。
[Abstract]:Fish is a good source of protein, high nutritional value, by people of all ages, is one of the main aquatic products for human consumption. At present, the pollution degree of heavy metals in the environment is becoming more and more serious heavy metal pollution in water, fish is also more and more attention. The heavy metal pollution of fish will not only cause harm to the fish itself, some impact will be safe on the water ecological environment and the healthy development of freshwater fisheries. Contaminated fish through the food chain will be the accumulation of heavy metals transferred to the human body, a serious threat to people's consumer safety and health. Therefore, to ensure the healthy development of consumer safety of eating fish and fisheries, the accumulation level of fish heavy metal, safety health risk assessment and evaluation of edible fish pollution level analysis and humans by way of fish intake of heavy metals is particularly important. This study from September 2014 to 201 In March 5 the acquisition of the Dongting Lake grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), bream (Parabramis pekinensis), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), Qi (Erythroculter ilishaeformis), culter (Channa argus), Argus (Siniperca chuatsi) a total of six fish species and economic species as the research object, the samples were treated by wet digestion method, respectively graphite atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) of different cadmium in fish tissues (Cd), lead (Pb) content (wet weight) were measured. The system analysis of fish Cd, Pb content in different tissues and species and spatial distribution in addition, the analysis of characteristics, food habits, habitat, body length and body weight and other factors on the fish Cd, the accumulation of Pb. The effects of the single factor pollution index method, PTWI and THQ pollution degree evaluation of Dongting Lake fish, food safety and health risks. The results showed that: (1) different fish Cd, Pb accumulation level have obvious difference, the heavy metal Cd fish muscle tissues, Pb content did not exceed the national standard, in a safe range. Different edible measured tissue on Cd, Pb accumulation was significantly higher (P0.05), the same organization of Cd, volume Pb: Pb Cd. is not the same, except for a few fish Cd, Pb volume is relatively high in scale and in the skin, most of the fish are mainly concentrated in the hepatopancreas and intestine, the minimum content in muscle. (2) fish on Cd, Pb accumulation level of the diet, in a certain degree on the habitat, body length, body weight and seasonal variations. In addition to the measured Pb is mainly reflected in the content of muscle tissue is omnivorous herbivorous carnivorous, the rest are as follows: Carnivorous herbivorous omnivorous, there are some biomagnification. Pelagic fishes and benthic fish on Cd. Pb storage The volume is relatively high, living in the lower herbivorous fish were lowest. Each species or between Cd and Pb accumulation of the fish body length, there is a positive correlation between the weight. The fishes of Cd, the volume of Pb was higher than that in spring. (3) with different sampling points, the fish Cd, volume Pb, spatial differences in grass carp, bream, carp, fish mouth Qi four fish in Cd Pb, the average volume parameters were Cd, comparative analysis of distribution characteristics of Pb in space, the content of Cd in fish, the spatial distribution characteristics of Pb were: Cd, Chenglingji dongdongting = Pb: Chenglingji Lake Dongting Lake, Dongting Lake. In the East Dongting Lake in carp muscle Cd, Pb volume parameters of Cd, analysis of spatial distribution characteristics of Pb content, the results show that the Cd distribution is: Chenglingji Junshan District Yueyang Tower District antlers Lei Jia mouth jiangjiazui Dalian barrier Pb; distribution: Chenglingji District Junshan District Yueyang Tower antlers Lei Jia mouth jiangjiazui Dalian barrier. (4) the Dongting Lake pollution level of heavy metals in fish muscle: PbCd. three sampling area pollution level for the Chenglingji Lake in East Dongting Dongting Lake. Group Cd in the different regions of the fish, the accumulation of Pb in addition to muscle tissue in the normal background value range (only 0.2), the rest of the organization there are different degrees of pollution. (5) edible fish in Dongting Lake (muscle) of two kinds of heavy metals THQ values were less than 1, weekly intake per capita Cd, Pb (EWI) PTWI ratio is less than 10%, no health risk obviously, food safety is higher. 6 kinds of fish on the lake were measured by tissue health risk assessment THQ values were less than 1, but bream, carp, snakehead fish Culter Qi, four intestine, hepatopancreas and hepatopancreas of Cd Argus PTWI ratio Pb EWI More than 10%, can be considered the regional consumption of a large number of carp intestinal Qi, culter there may be some security risks.

【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：X820.4;S917.4

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