人工湿地处理采油废水的环境与生态效应研究

发布时间：2018-01-06 09:16

本文关键词：人工湿地处理采油废水的环境与生态效应研究　出处：《山东大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：自上世纪五十年代起,世界各地普遍将湿地作为废水处理的一种手段,填补传统的下水道式的污水处理系统的一些不足。随后的研究发展出建造人工湿地,以相比天然湿地更易于优化的系统来处理废水。现阶段以处理废水作为功能的人工湿地包括三种类型：表面流人工湿地、潜流人工湿地与垂直流人工湿地。相比其他废水类型,采油废水一般具有含油量高、悬浮固体颗粒含量较高、含盐量高、含细菌以及部分油田的污水含有表面活性剂等特点。传统的处理方法现阶段主要有物理化学法和生物处理法等。使用人工表面流湿地技术处理采油废水,与传统污水生化处理技术相比,具有投资运作成本与运行成本低、处理效果好、兼有生态修复功能与营造生态景观等特点。另一问题上具有占地面积较大的缺点,而油田地域广阔,人烟稀少,大部分的土地因石油开采导致闲置,并且一些油田周围已存在一些天然湿地,这些都为人工湿地在油田的发展提供了十分有利的作用。已有的研究着眼于处理工艺与净水成效,对表面流湿地本身的环境与生态效应关注较少。以孤东油田人工湿地为样例,周边的自然湿地为对照,进行采油污水水质改善与生态功能影响评估,为拟订湿地操作维护提供参考,为达到水资源循环利用,实现油田采油废水零排放的目标提供依据。通过实地的踏勘,采集研究区域内的水样、底泥和芦苇样本进行分析,并对植物群落进行样方统计。得出如下结论：(1)人工表面流湿地生态系统植物丰富度相对较低。仅从植物丰富度来分析,对照组的物种数量高于人工表面流湿地,这与人工表面流湿地建设完工时间较短有直接关系,引种的芦苇开始复壮,其他物种还未进入,这种状况在2-3年内会发生变化,人工表面流湿地的物种会逐步丰富起来。(2)植物多样性较自然系统优化。无论从香农-威纳指数还是从辛普森指数分析,都可以看出人工表面流湿地均高于对照区域,说明在人工辅助的情形下,物种数量目前虽然不高,但群落的异质性均高于对照区域,说明建设项目对改造群落的结构发挥了作用,生物群落的功能将趋于完善,通过人工建设生物群落结构更好。(3)芦苇对比分析说明人工表面流湿地芦苇的生长与生理指标优于周边对照样地。人工表面流湿地的盖度、基径、叶绿素含量等指标均显著优于周边对照。(4)人工表面流湿地生态系统功能比周边对照样地更强。人工表面流湿地与周边对照样地生物量存在显著差异。人工湿地的平均地上部分鲜重为1.61kg/m2,周边对照区的地上部分鲜重为0.95 kg/m2,说明人工表面流湿地的生态系统功能优于周边对照样地。总体来看,相比对照的自然湿地,研究区域的人工表面流湿地生态质量较高,效益显著,已经开始产生重要作用。
[Abstract]:Since -50s, wetlands have been widely used in the world as a means of wastewater treatment to fill some of the shortcomings of traditional sewer wastewater treatment systems. Subsequently, the construction of constructed wetlands was developed. At present, the constructed wetland with wastewater treatment as its function includes three types: surface flow constructed wetland. Compared with other types of wastewater, oil recovery wastewater generally has high oil content, high suspended solid particle content and high salt content. The traditional treatment methods include physicochemical method and biological treatment method. Artificial surface flow wetland technology is used to treat oil production wastewater. Compared with the traditional wastewater biochemical treatment technology, it has lower investment and operation cost and better treatment effect. It also has the characteristics of ecological restoration and ecological landscape. Another problem has the shortcoming of larger area, while the oil field is vast, sparsely populated, and most of the land is idle due to oil exploitation. And there are some natural wetlands around some oilfields, which provide a very favorable role for the development of artificial wetlands in oil fields. Less attention was paid to the environmental and ecological effects of the surface flow wetland. Taking the constructed wetland in Gudong Oilfield as an example and the surrounding natural wetland as the control, the water quality improvement and ecological function impact assessment were carried out. In order to provide reference for wetland operation and maintenance, to achieve the goal of recycling water resources and to achieve zero discharge of oilfield oil recovery wastewater. Through field exploration, the water samples in the study area are collected. The samples of sediment and Reed were analyzed, and the plant communities were analyzed. The following conclusions were drawn: 1) the plant richness of the artificial surface flow wetland ecosystem was relatively low, only from the plant richness. The number of species in the control group was higher than that in the artificial surface flow wetland, which was directly related to the short construction time of the constructed surface flow wetland. The introduced Reed began to rejuvenate, while the other species had not entered. This will change in 2-3 years. The species of artificial surface flow wetland will be enriched gradually. 2) Plant diversity is optimized compared with natural system. Both Shannon-Weiner index and Simpson index are analyzed. It can be seen that the artificial surface flow wetland is higher than the control area, indicating that the number of species is not high, but the heterogeneity of community is higher than that of the control area. It shows that the construction project has played a role in the transformation of the community structure, and the function of the biological community will be improved. The comparison and analysis of Reed showed that the growth and physiological indexes of artificial surface flow wetland were better than those of peripheral wetland. The coverage and base diameter of artificial surface flow wetland were better than that of peripheral wetland. Chlorophyll content was significantly better than that of peripheral control. The ecosystem function of artificial surface flow wetland is stronger than that of peripheral surface flow wetland, and the biomass of artificial surface flow wetland is significantly different from that of peripheral surface flow wetland. The average fresh weight of constructed wetland is 1.61kg / m ~ 2. . The fresh weight of the aboveground part of the peripheral control area was 0.95 kg / m ~ 2, which indicated that the ecosystem function of the artificial surface flow wetland was better than that of the surrounding area. The artificial surface flow wetland in the study area has high ecological quality and remarkable benefit, and has already begun to play an important role.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X741

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