沿海地区滨海湿地开发与保护分析及珠江口滨海湿地调查研究

发布时间：2018-01-08 22:31

本文关键词：沿海地区滨海湿地开发与保护分析及珠江口滨海湿地调查研究　出处：《仲恺农业工程学院》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：湿地是水陆相互作用而形成重要的自然生态系统,它与森林、海洋被称作地球上的“三大生态系统”。同时,湿地也是人类重要的环境资源和物质资源,因此,湿地的开发利用与保护成为世界范围上环境保护的焦点问题。滨海湿地处于海洋与陆地的交错地带,同时受到两者的共同影响,是一个对外界反应敏感的脆弱边缘地带。另外,滨海湿地也是经济发达、人口密集的地区,承载着环境变化、经济发展、人口增长等巨大的压力。我国拥有18000公里漫长曲折的大陆海岸线,富集各种类型的滨海湿地资源。近年由于经济发展驱使,湿地得到极大的开发,导致滨海湿地资源严重破坏,损失退化不断加剧,已成为了沿海经济可持续发展的重要威胁。珠江口海域是中国经济活动频繁、人类活动和自然因素交汇冲突集中的大河口海域之一,其湿地生态环境亦严重恶化。因此,我们通过对我国滨海湿地开发利用情况和珠江口滨海湿地现状的研究分析,以期探讨保护滨海湿地的对策。本文通过采集数据资料和实地监测调查分析,整理了我国滨海湿地开发利用与保护方面的各类年鉴数据。同时在前人研究成果的基础上,定点定期在珠江口采集水质和沉积物样品,对营养盐、溶解氧、pH等指标进行调查分析,得出以下研究结果:1)我国湿地面积约为3848×104 hm2,而滨海湿地约为594×104 hm2,分布在山东、江苏、广东、辽宁、河北、浙江、广西、福建、上海、海南和天津11个省市和香港、澳门、台湾地区。沿海滨海湿地的主要利用形式有:盐田、海水养殖、围填海及设为保护区,分别占滨海湿地总面积的5%、21%和73%。广东省滨海海水可养殖面积最大,为835670公顷;其次是辽宁省,为725840公顷。第三为山东省,面积为512126公顷。广东省进行海水养殖的实际面积为203410公顷,没有完全开发本地滨海可海水养殖的海域。近年,为适应社会经济的发展,我国沿海地区大力发展围海工程项目,建设港口和机场。2012年,沿海地区共有万吨以上级港口1607个,比上年增加了25个,其中增加5万吨级以上港口25个。2)2010年起,珠江口整体水质状况略有好转,从“不健康”状况转成“亚健康”状况。但2014年珠江口携入海的污染物量相比去年有所增加,其中COD 2014年比2013年增加了626620吨;氨氮(以氮计)增加了7697吨;硝酸盐氮(以氮计)增加了195194吨;总磷(以磷计)入海量增加了4698吨。通过对9个调查站位的监测,在2012年4月至2013年4月期间,珠江口海域的沉积物现状良好,没有受到重金属铜、铅、锌和镉的污染;表层海水的溶解氧含量达到国家一类海水水质标准,底层海水达到国家二类海水水质标准;海水的PH值为国家三、四类海水水质标准。但该海域海水严重富营养化,受无机氮污染严重,各监测点的无机氮含量为国家海水水质富营养标准的4.64~8.3倍,其中尤以硝酸盐含量最多,为国家四类海水水质标准的1.17~6.35倍,是引起海水无机氮严重污染的主要成分。监测期间,表层海水的铵盐和沉积物中镉的浓度在不同的时间里发生较大变化。87.5%站位点的铵盐含量超出了国家二类海水水质标准。但在2012年9月的监测数据中,88.9%站位点的铵盐含量远远优于一类海水,为国家一类海水水质标准的0.16~0.21倍。在2012年9月和2013年4月,各站位点沉积物中镉的浓度大幅下降,相比2012年4月的监测值,降幅达60%~100%。上述结果表明,珠江口湿地环境主要受到无机氮为主的污染威胁。
[Abstract]:The wetland is the interaction of land and water natural ecological system, and it is called the forest, Ocean on earth "three ecological system". At the same time, is also an important human environment of wetland resources and material resources, therefore, the development and utilization of wetland and protection has become a world focus on Environmental protection of coastal wetlands. In the ecotone between the ocean and land, and is influenced by both, is a sensitive to external fragile edge zone. In addition, the coastal wetland is developed, densely populated areas, carrying the environmental change, economic development, population growth and other great pressure. China has 18000 kilometers long, the coastline, coastal wetland resources enrichment of various types. In recent years due to economic development driven by wetland is greatly developed, resulting in serious damage to the coastal wetland resources, increasing loss and degradation Drama, has become an important threat to the sustainable development of coastal economy. The Pearl River estuary is China economic activities, human activities and natural factors of intersection conflict in the estuary area, the wetland ecological environment deterioration. Therefore, we through to our country coastal wetland utilization analysis and the research situation of the Pearl River Estuary coastal wetland the current situation, in order to explore the Countermeasures of coastal wetland conservation. This paper through collecting data and field monitoring investigation and analysis, sorting various yearbook data protection and utilization of coastal wetlands in China. At the same time on the basis of previous research results, fixed in the Pearl River Estuary collected water and sediment samples for nutrients, dissolved oxygen, pH and other indicators were investigated. The results of the study are as follows: 1) the wetland area in China is about 3848 * 104 Hm2, while the coastal wetland is about 594 * 104 hm2 distribution in Shandong Jiangsu, Guangdong, Liaoning, Hebei, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Fujian, Shanghai, Hainan and Tianjin, 11 provinces and Hongkong, Macao, Taiwan area. The main form of the use of coastal wetlands along the coast are: Yantian, mariculture, reclamation and conservation area, accounted for 5% of the total area of coastal wetlands, and 21% 73%. Guangdong Province coastal seawater aquaculture area of 835670 hectares; the largest, followed by the Liaoning Province, 725840 hectares. Third for the Shandong Province, an area of 512126 hectares. The actual area of Guangdong province aquaculture is 203410 hectares, can not fully develop local coastal aquaculture waters. In recent years, in order to adapt to the social and economic development China's coastal areas, vigorously develop the reclamation projects, the construction of the port and airport.2012, coastal area total million tons at port 1607, a year-on-year increase of 25, which increased more than 50 thousand ton port 25.2) since 2010, the Pearl River Estuary The overall water quality improved slightly, from "health" into "sub-health" status. But the amount of pollutants into the sea with the Pearl River Estuary in 2014 compared to last year increased, including COD in 2014 than in 2013 increased 626620 tons; ammonia nitrogen (n) increased 7697 tons; nitrate nitrogen (n) increased 195194 tons; total phosphorus (P gauge) into the sea increased 4698 tons. By monitoring the 9 survey stations, in the period from April 2012 to April 2013, the Pearl River estuary sediment situation is good, not affected by heavy metal copper, lead, zinc and cadmium pollution; dissolved oxygen content in the surface waters reach the national sea the standard of water quality, bottom water reached two national water quality standards; pH value of water for the three countries, four class water quality standards. But the waters of serious eutrophication, seriously polluted by inorganic nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen content of each monitoring point for the national sea 4.64~8.3 times water quality standards, especially in the nitrate content of up to 1.17~6.35 times, for the four national water quality standards, is the main component of seawater inorganic nitrogen pollution. During the monitoring period, concentration of surface water in the ammonium salt and cadmium in sediments occurred in different time in the great changes of site.87.5% ammonium salt content point beyond the two national water quality standards. But in September 2012 of the monitoring data in 88.9% stations, ammonium salt content is far better than that of a class of sea water, 0.16~0.21 times the national water quality standard. In September 2012 and April 2013, the concentration of cadmium in sediments of the stations fell sharply in April 2012 compared to the monitoring values a drop of 60%~100%.. The results indicate that the threat of pollution in Pearl River estuary wetland environment mainly dominated by inorganic nitrogen.

【学位授予单位】：仲恺农业工程学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X171;X37

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