基于生命周期视角的北京城市公交出行环境影响研究

发布时间：2018-01-14 17:09

本文关键词：基于生命周期视角的北京城市公交出行环境影响研究　出处：《海南大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：提倡城市公交出行能有效解决交通拥堵、资源耗竭、能源短缺及环境质量恶化等关乎城市人们生存与发展的重要问题,它是一种城市绿色交通的发展模式。近年来,公交出行成为城市交通行业的“能耗大户”,发展绿色公交(清洁能源及新能源公交车)成为缓解城市公交出行能耗及排放的重点发展方向。新能源公交车在行驶阶段节能减排效果好,但制造阶段的环境影响常被忽视,而且当前新能源公交车的载客功能弱于传统燃油车,可能对实际节能减排效果造成较为显著的影响。因此,基于城市公交出行的基本特征,以4种车型为研究对象,对其相应的生命周期环境影响及3型绿色车型的环境效益进行评价,对改善城市环境质量恶化和实现公交行业节能减排目标意义重大。本文主要研究内容有4个部分：首先,以北京市公交出行为例,采用多种调查方法,结合城市交通状况、居民出行需求以及交通政策导向,对平均满载系数、平均运速、平均运距以及客运量等影响城市公交出行的重要指标进行调查统计。确定各主要参数,为进一步构建城市公交出行的生命周期环境影响评价模型提供数据支撑。其次,依据产品生命周期评价方法,构建城市公交出行服务的生命周期环境影响评价模型,并采样Gabi6软件核算各型公交出行的综合环境影响。主要结论为：柴油公交车(CDB)、天然气公交车(NGB)和混合动力公交车(DHEB)在行驶阶段环境影响最大,能源生产阶段次之；纯电动公交车(BEB)在能源生产阶段环境影响最大,行驶阶段环境影响最小,属于“零污染”；各车型车辆生命周期(原材料生产、零部件制造及装配以及运输分销阶段)环境影响相对较小再次,考虑空调关闭／开启两种运营模式,量化各型公交出行的生命周期综合环境影响。结果表明,绿色公交的全生命周期综合环境影响对加载空调开启模式更为敏感。空调关闭运营模式和开启空调运营模式下,4型车的综合环境影响顺序为：BEBCDBDHEBNGB。敏感性分析表明：燃料经济性以及载客能力等因素对城市公交出行生命周期环境影响结果显著,是改善城市公交出行环境影响的关键影响因素。最后,以北京市2012年公交出行量为例,进行3型绿色公交出行生命周期环境效益现状分析。采用情景分析法,结合各型绿色公交的生命周期环境效益评价结果,对2017年北京市公交出行结构调整进行合理设定和预测分析,探索实现北京市公交行业变绿程度最大化和提高城市交通系统环境绩效的有效途径。
[Abstract]:Promoting urban public transport travel can effectively solve traffic congestion, resource depletion, energy shortage and environmental quality deterioration and other important issues related to the survival and development of urban people. It is a kind of development mode of urban green transportation. In recent years, public transportation has become a "large energy consumption user" in the urban transportation industry. The development of green public transport (clean energy and new energy bus) has become the key development direction to alleviate energy consumption and emissions of urban public transport. The new energy bus in the driving phase of energy saving and emission reduction effect is good. However, the environmental impact of manufacturing phase is often ignored, and the passenger capacity of the new energy bus is weaker than that of the traditional fuel vehicle, which may have a more significant impact on the actual energy saving and emission reduction effect. Based on the basic characteristics of urban public transportation, this paper takes four types of vehicles as the research object, and evaluates the corresponding environmental impact of the life cycle and the environmental benefits of the 3 type green vehicles. It is of great significance to improve the deterioration of urban environmental quality and achieve the goal of energy saving and emission reduction in public transport industry. The main contents of this paper are as follows: First of all, taking Beijing bus trip as an example, using a variety of survey methods, combined with the urban traffic situation, residents' travel demand and traffic policy guidance, the average full load coefficient, average speed. The average transportation distance and passenger traffic volume and other important indicators affecting urban public transport travel are investigated and statistics are carried out to determine the main parameters. It provides data support for constructing the life cycle environmental impact assessment model of urban public transport trip. Secondly, according to the method of product life cycle evaluation, the life cycle environmental impact assessment model of urban public transport travel service is constructed. And sampling Gabi6 software to calculate the comprehensive environmental impact of various types of public transportation. The main conclusion is: diesel bus CDB). The natural gas bus (NGB) and the hybrid electric bus (DHEB) had the greatest environmental impact in the driving phase, followed by the energy production stage. Pure electric bus (Beb) has the biggest environmental impact in the energy production stage and the least environmental impact in the driving phase, which belongs to "zero pollution". The environmental impact of vehicle life cycle (raw material production, parts manufacturing and assembly, and transportation distribution phase) is relatively small Thirdly, considering the two operation modes of air conditioning shutdown / turn on, quantifying the comprehensive environmental impact of the life cycle of each type of public transport trip. The results show that. The comprehensive environmental impact of the whole life cycle of green public transport is more sensitive to loading air conditioning open mode, air conditioning closed operation mode and open air conditioning operation mode. The sensitivity analysis shows that fuel economy and passenger carrying capacity have a significant impact on the urban public transport life cycle environment. It is the key factor to improve the urban public transportation environment. Finally, taking the public transport travel volume of Beijing in 2012 as an example, this paper analyzes the current situation of environmental benefits in the life cycle of the 3 type green public transport trip, and adopts the scenario analysis method. Combined with the results of environmental benefit evaluation of various types of green public transport, this paper makes a reasonable setting and prediction analysis on the adjustment of public transport travel structure in 2017 in Beijing. To explore an effective way to maximize the green degree and improve the environmental performance of urban transportation system in Beijing.
【学位授予单位】：海南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X82

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