我国养殖固废来源、时空分布、环境风险及对策

发布时间：2018-03-02 18:33

本文选题：养殖固废　切入点：规模化养殖　出处：《河南科技大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：规模化是我国养殖业发展的方向,受到国家政策的鼓励。养殖业的规模化必然导致养殖固废的集中生产,从而影响全国养殖固废的空间分布特点,对养殖固废的处理造成困难。为了揭示规模化发展对养殖固废分布及资源化潜力的影响,我们从养殖固废的分布特点、养殖固废中N、P、K的分布特点与规模化的关系展开分析探讨了我国在实行规模化发展支持政策后,养殖固废及其N、P、K的时空分布和变化趋势,主要结果如下:(1)我国养殖固废的生产主要来之于散养户,其次是专业户,规模化养殖场的养殖固废产量并不大。但从增速看,散养户养殖固废产量下降很快,其他各种规模养殖户与养殖场增速较快。(2)肉牛、猪、羊等大型家畜的养殖固废产量较大。其中猪的规模化发展较快,专业户和规模化养殖场对全国固废产量贡献较大;羊主要以散养户和专业户的贡献为主,规模化养殖场的贡献几乎可以忽略。(3)从各省耕地养殖固废负荷量看,全国有13个省自治区和直辖市超过最大养殖固废施用量。其中内蒙古、辽宁增速较快;北京、天津、上海、江苏等地耕地养殖固废负荷量呈降低趋势。(4)从规模化系数看,北京、上海、河南等省份养殖规模大,养殖固废处理压力大。而养殖固废生产大省如北三省的规模化系数不高,耕地负荷也不高。(5)我国养殖固废中N的贡献以羊最高,其次是肉牛和猪,其他畜禽的贡献不大。从养殖规模看,散养户对N的贡献下降趋势明显,且由之前人口众多或者经济较发达的地区向西南,西北等地发展;专业户所生产的养殖固废N以东北地区较多;小规模养殖场、中规模养殖场所生产的N主要集中在经济发达的地区,如河北、浙江等省份;大规模和超大规模养殖场所生产的N总体上并不多,主要集中在经济发达的地区。综上所述,我国目前养殖固废主要仍由散养户贡献,其次是专业户,规模化养殖场对我国养殖固废的贡献较小,但增速较大,尤其是小规模养殖场。养殖固废中养分的分布与固废并不一致,这主要是羊对N、P、K的贡献较大。
[Abstract]:Scale is the direction of the development of aquaculture industry in China, and encouraged by the national policy. The scale of aquaculture industry will inevitably lead to concentrated production of solid waste, thus affecting the spatial distribution characteristics of the national aquaculture solid waste. In order to reveal the influence of large-scale development on the distribution and potential of solid waste in culture, we start with the distribution characteristics of solid waste in culture. The relationship between the distribution characteristics and the scale of Nu Pu K in the culture solid waste was analyzed. The spatial and temporal distribution and the change trend of the culture solid waste and its Nu Pu K were discussed after the implementation of the large-scale development support policy in China. The main results are as follows: (1) the production of solid waste from aquaculture in China mainly comes from retail households, followed by specialized households. The production of solid waste in large-scale farms is not large. However, from the point of view of the growth rate, the production of solid waste in cultivation by retail households is declining very quickly. Other large scale farmers and farms increased rapidly. 2) large livestock such as beef cattle, pigs, sheep and other large livestock, such as solid waste production, which pig scale development faster, professional households and large-scale farms to contribute to the national solid waste production; The contribution of sheep is mainly from scattered and specialized households, while the contribution of large-scale farms can be almost ignored.) from the view of the fixed waste load of cultivated land cultivation in various provinces, In China, 13 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government exceed the maximum amount of solid waste applied in aquaculture. In Inner Mongolia and Liaoning, the growth rate is relatively fast; in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Jiangsu and other places, the amount of solid waste of cultivated land is in a decreasing trend. In Shanghai, Henan and other provinces, the scale of aquaculture is large and the pressure of solid waste treatment is great. However, the scale coefficient of farming solid waste production is not high, and the load of cultivated land is not high. Secondly, beef cattle and pigs, but other livestock and poultry had little contribution. From the scale of farming, the contribution of individual farmers to N decreased obviously, and developed from areas with large population or more developed economy to southwest, northwest and so on. The N produced by specialized households is more in Northeast China, the N produced by small-scale farms and medium-scale farms is mainly concentrated in economically developed areas, such as Hebei, Zhejiang and other provinces. On the whole, the production of N in large-scale and super-large scale breeding sites is not much, mainly concentrated in economically developed areas. In summary, at present, the solid waste of aquaculture in China is still mainly contributed by individual farmers, followed by specialized households. The contribution of large-scale farms to solid waste is small, but the growth rate is large, especially in small-scale farms. The distribution of nutrients in the solid waste is not consistent with that of solid waste, which is mainly due to the sheep's contribution to NPU K.
【学位授予单位】：河南科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X713

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