寒区冬季农村室内污染物的监测与控制

发布时间：2018-04-18 02:29

本文选题：室内污染物 + 监测　；参考：《哈尔滨工业大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国农村土地广袤,人口众多,提高室内环境与有效利用能源在农村地区有着广阔的应用前景。但是,与此同时,我国农村地区的住宅也存在着相当多的室内污染问题。在我国北方,冬季时间漫长且气候寒冷,农村地区几乎没有集中供暖,农户采暖主要依靠燃烧薪柴、煤等,一方面,室内温度较低,达不到舒适的程度,另一方面,由此造成的室内环境污染问题十分严重,直接威胁到室内人员的身体健康。为及时排出室内空气污染物,必须打开门窗通风,但这样一来,室温骤降,要维持一定的温度,又需要增加燃料,造成能源的浪费。节能与维持良好室内空气品质之间产生了矛盾。为此,本文将对寒区冬季农村室内污染物的监测与控制进行研究,找出室内各种污染物的分布规律,提出有效的控制方案,以解决农宅室内空气品质的问题,改善寒区农村室内环境,并尽可能地节约能源。本文研究内容包括以下四部分:1.现场实测寒区农宅室内空气污染物的浓度,找到其变化的规律;2.利用CFD模拟的方法,建立农宅模型,通过数值计算确定室内污染物的分布情况,并以此确定通风方式的划分依据;3.运用模式识别的理论,提出室内污染物自动控制的方案,并介绍方案的实现方法;4.提出解决倒烟问题的方案,并加以验证。通过现场实测与CFD模拟的方法,对寒区农宅室内污染物的监测与控制问题进行了研究,得到的结论有:1.在冬季,严寒和寒冷地区的农村住宅存在一定的室内污染问题;其中,最具代表性的两种污染物是CO和CO2,其浓度分别与室内燃烧活动和人员活动密切相关;2.室内靠近污染源处污染物浓度最高,而门和风口附近浓度最低,置于屋顶上的风口可有效排出室内污染物;当室内CO浓度低于15 ppm、CO2浓度低于3000ppm时,通过风口自然通风就能将室内污染物浓度控制在标准规定的限值以下,而当室内两种污染物浓度高于这组浓度值时,则需要机械通风排出室内污染物;3.采用模式识别的控制方案对室内污染物进行控制,室内空气质量可划分为“良好”、“中度污染”和“严重污染”三个类别,分别采取不通风、自然排风和机械排风的方式控制污染物的浓度,划分三个类别的依据是《室内空气质量标准》和CFD模拟的结果,即CO浓度低于10 ppm、CO2浓度低于1964.3 ppm为“良好”,在10~15 ppm和1964.3~3000 ppm之间为“中度污染”,高于15 ppm和3000 ppm为“严重污染”;4.当室内发生倒烟现象时,需要人员手动开启风机,使风机向室内抽引室外新风,维持室内正压并稀释污染物浓度。
[Abstract]:With vast rural land and large population, the improvement of indoor environment and the effective utilization of energy have broad application prospects in rural areas.However, at the same time, there are quite a lot of indoor pollution problems in the rural areas of our country.In the north of China, the winter is long and the climate is cold, there is almost no central heating in rural areas. Farmers mainly rely on burning fuelwood, coal, etc. On the one hand, the indoor temperature is relatively low, which cannot reach a comfortable level; on the other hand,As a result, indoor environmental pollution is very serious, which directly threatens the health of indoor personnel.In order to discharge indoor air pollutants in time, the doors and windows must be opened for ventilation, but in this way, the room temperature will plummet, the temperature will be maintained, and the fuel will need to be increased, resulting in a waste of energy.There is a contradiction between energy saving and maintaining good indoor air quality.Therefore, this paper will study the monitoring and control of indoor pollutants in winter in cold regions, find out the distribution rules of indoor pollutants, and put forward effective control schemes to solve the problem of indoor air quality in agricultural houses.Improve the indoor environment in cold areas and save energy as much as possible.This paper includes four parts: 1.The concentration of indoor air pollutants in farm houses in cold area was measured, and the regularity of change was found.The model of farm house was established by using CFD simulation method, and the distribution of indoor pollutants was determined by numerical calculation, and the classification of ventilation mode was determined.Based on the theory of pattern recognition, the scheme of indoor pollutant automatic control is put forward, and the realization method of the scheme is introduced.Put forward the solution to the smoke problem, and verify it.The monitoring and control of indoor pollutants in agricultural houses in cold regions were studied by the method of field measurement and CFD simulation, and the conclusions were as follows: 1.In winter, there are some indoor pollution problems in rural residential buildings in cold and cold areas, among which CO and CO _ 2 are the two most representative pollutants, the concentrations of CO and CO _ 2 are closely related to indoor combustion activities and human activities respectively.The indoor pollutant concentration near the source of pollution is the highest, while the concentration near the door and tuyere is the lowest. The indoor air outlet placed on the roof can effectively discharge the indoor pollutants. When the indoor CO concentration is lower than 15 ppm CO _ 2 concentration is lower than 3000ppm,The concentration of indoor pollutants can be controlled below the standard limit by natural ventilation of tuyere, but when the concentration of two kinds of pollutants is higher than the concentration of this group, mechanical ventilation is needed to discharge indoor pollutants.The indoor air quality can be divided into three categories: "good", "moderate pollution" and "serious pollution".The concentration of pollutants is controlled by natural exhaust air and mechanical exhaust air. The classification of the three categories is based on the results of indoor air quality standard and CFD simulation, that is, the CO _ 2 concentration below 10 ppm of CO _ 2 below 1964.3 ppm is "good"."moderate pollution" was observed between 10 ~ 15 ppm and 1964.3 000 ppm, which was higher than that of 15 ppm and 3000 ppm.When smoke pouring occurs in the room, it is necessary to open the fan manually, so that the fan can draw the outdoor fresh air into the room, maintain the indoor positive pressure and dilute the pollutant concentration.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU834.8;X51

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