黄土高原地区生态系统恢复模式研究

发布时间：2018-05-06 10:02

本文选题：生态系统恢复模式 + 生态系统健康运转　；参考：《西北农林科技大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国自20世纪50年代后期广泛呈现粗放式的经济增长方式,生产经营水平低,规模小。其特征是"高能耗、高污染、低效率”,严重打破了生态平衡,造成了农业的恶性循环,如种植业广种薄收,重用轻养;林业过量采伐,重采轻造;森林过度采伐,草原过度放牧。对自然资源的不合理利用,生态环境的整体恶化,水土流失,土地沙漠化,水和空气的污染等等已成为制约我国农村经济发展的主要因素。黄土高原地区生态系统恢复模式作为一种成套的技术体系,该模式在黄土高原地区上的广泛实施与运用,可以推动黄土高原地区的生态环境恢复,促进黄土高原地区的经济社会进步,实现黄土高原地区的可持续发展。因此,本文立足于当前我国的基本国情,紧密结合黄土高原地区生态系统恢复的实际,通过对黄土高原地区经济发展中的生态系统恢复模式的分析,得到以下主要结论:(1)生态问题的日益突出,生态经济逐步成为社会各界的关心热点。要探求我国生态经济的正确路径,解决发展过程中面对的问题,应答可能出现的挑战,就要解释生态系统恢复的内涵。本文梳理了国内外黄土高原地区经济发展生态系统恢复模式理论和建设实践,总结了黄土高原地区经济发展中生态系统恢复模式发展经验,综合国内外不同观点,对黄土高原地区经济发展生态系统恢复模式具有不同的概念进行筛选与归纳,根据当地自然、历史、社会和经济情况,确定了黄土高原地区经济发展生态系统恢复模式的内容和目标,总结出生态系统恢复模式的概念。(2)近年来由生态系统退化的诱发各种生态灾难,已使国家蒙受了重大损失,生态破坏还加剧贫困,影响社会安定。针对我国(黄土高原地区)对生态系统恢复模式的研究,提出了以下该模式具有的特点:①试验实践注重于理论研究,即注重生态系统恢复重建的试验与试范研究;②着重人工重建研究,尤其是恢复有效的植物群落模式实验,忽视对自然恢复过程的研究;③大量研究滥砍滥伐的森林与超载放牧的草原生态系统退化后的生物途径恢复;④注重恢复重建的快速性和短期性;⑤看重恢复过程当中的植物多样性和小气候变化研究,忽视对动物、土壤生物(微生物)的研究;⑥对恢复重建的生态效益及评价多,特别是人工林重建效益,缺乏对生态系统恢复重建的生态功能和结构的综合评估;⑦对恢复重建的生态学过程的研究正逐渐得到重视。(3)参考并综合生态系统恢复重建基础分类方式,本文针对黄土高原地区的生态环境特点,提出植被恢复与重建的原则,并以陕北地区及固原市为基础,根据陕黄土高原地区的投资主体功能特点,战略规划,组织结构体系,经营管理机制等方面,提出恢复与重建的关键技术和模式。本文认为可以将生态系统恢复重建模式分为9种类型:①梁峁顶部耕还林(草)以及自然封育模式;②坡面恢复集成组装模式;③农业节水模式;④侵蚀沟恢复模式;⑤集水农业模式;⑥“四位一体”模式;⑦庭院经济模式;⑧小流域综合治理模式;⑨经济果林业模式。(4)本文在认真分析各种影响生态系统恢复模式技术推广因素的情况下,依据一定的技术推广原理,选择合适的推广路径,运用良好的推广措施,将无疑会加快生态系统恢复模式技术推广的进程。为此,本文认为要恢复黄土高原地区的生态系统,需从以下几方面入手:一要加强科技扶贫力度,进一步强化可持续发展;二要充分运用各种措施,不断提高农民素质;三要准确把握运行机制创新,不断完善考核评价及激励机制;四要认真贯彻技术推广相关法律,发挥支撑作用;五要建立健全技术推广服务体系,营造良好的推广环境。
[Abstract]:Since the late 1950s, China has widely shown extensive mode of economic growth, low production and operation level and small scale. Its characteristics are "high energy consumption, high pollution and low efficiency", which seriously break the ecological balance and cause the vicious circle of agriculture, such as planting industry wide harvest, reusing light breeding, overharvesting of forestry, overharvesting forest and overharvesting forest. The irrational utilization of grassland, the irrational utilization of natural resources, the overall deterioration of the ecological environment, soil erosion, land desertification, water and air pollution have become the main factors restricting the development of rural economy in our country. The ecological system restoration model of the Loess Plateau area is a complete set of technical system, which is in the Loess Plateau region. The extensive implementation and application can promote the restoration of the ecological environment in the Loess Plateau, promote the economic and social progress of the Loess Plateau, and realize the sustainable development of the Loess Plateau. Therefore, this paper is based on the basic conditions of the current China, and closely combines the realities of the restoration of the ecological system in the Loess Plateau and through the Loess Plateau. The following main conclusions are obtained as follows: (1) ecological problems are becoming increasingly prominent, and ecological economy has gradually become a hot topic of concern in all sectors of the society. To explore the correct path of ecological economy in China, to solve the problems faced in the process of development, and to respond to the possible challenges, the ecological system should be explained. This article combs the theory and construction practice of the ecological system restoration model of economic development in the Loess Plateau region at home and abroad, summarizes the development experience of the ecological system recovery model in the economic development of the Loess Plateau region, and combines the different viewpoints at home and abroad, and has different probability of the ecological system recovery model of the economic development of the Loess Plateau region. According to the local natural, historical, social and economic conditions, the contents and objectives of the ecological restoration model of the economic development of the Loess Plateau were determined, and the concept of the ecosystem restoration model was summed up. (2) the ecological disaster induced by the degradation of the ecosystem in recent years has caused great loss and ecology of the country. The damage also aggravates poverty and affects social stability. In view of the study of the ecological system recovery model in China (loess plateau), the following characteristics are put forward: (1) experimental practice pays attention to theoretical research, that is, the experimental and Experimental Research on the restoration and reconstruction of the ecosystem; secondly, emphasis on artificial reconstruction, especially the restoration of effectiveness. Plant community model experiments, ignoring the study of natural recovery process; (3) a large number of studies on the restoration of biological pathways after deforestation and overgrazing grassland ecosystem degradation; (4) paying attention to the rapid and short-term restoration of reconstruction; 5. The study of plant diversity and microclimate change in the recovery process, and neglect of animals, Research on Soil Biology (microorganism); 6. The ecological benefits and evaluation of restoration and reconstruction, especially the benefit of artificial forest reconstruction, lack of comprehensive assessment of ecological function and structure of restoration and reconstruction of the ecosystem; (3) the research on the ecological process of restoration and reconstruction is being gradually paid attention. () reference and the restoration of the basis for the restoration and reconstruction of the ecosystem. According to the ecological environment characteristics of the Loess Plateau, this paper puts forward the principle of vegetation restoration and reconstruction, and based on the Northern Shaanxi and Guyuan City, according to the functional characteristics of the investment subject of the Shaanxi Loess Plateau, the strategic planning, the organizational structure system, the management mechanism and so on, puts forward the key technologies and models of the restoration and reconstruction. In this paper, the ecological restoration and reconstruction model can be divided into 9 types: (1) the top tillage forest (grass) on the top of the beam and the grass (grass) and the natural seal pattern; (2) the integrated assembly model of the slope restoration; (3) the agricultural water-saving model; the pattern of the restoration of the erosion gully; the model of the water harvesting agriculture; the model of the "four in one"; (4) in this paper, in the case of serious analysis of various factors affecting the technology extension of the restoration model of the ecosystem, according to a certain technical extension principle, the selection of the appropriate extension path and the use of good popularization measures will undoubtedly accelerate the process of the popularization of the biological system recovery mode. In order to restore the ecological system of the Loess Plateau area, we should start with the following aspects: first, to strengthen the efforts to help the poor in science and technology and further strengthen the sustainable development; two to make full use of various measures to improve the quality of farmers; three to accurately grasp the innovation of the operation mechanism, and to continuously improve the evaluation and incentive mechanism; and four to conscientiously carry out the technical promotion. The relevant laws should play a supporting role; five, we must establish and improve the technology extension service system and create a good promotion environment.

【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X171.4

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