化学品及工业生产的累积性环境风险评价方法研究

发布时间：2018-06-21 09:34

本文选题：累积性环境风险 + 重金属　；参考：《北京理工大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：由于化学品的种类数量越来越多,与人类的接触也越来越广泛,化学品的长期、潜在、累积性环境风险逐渐暴露了出来,引起了国际社会的关注,各主要发达国家均出台了相关化学品管理物质清单,一些国际公约也先后制订。我国的环境问题同样严重,尤其是各地频发的重金属污染事件,累积效应明显,标志我国已经进入了累积性环境危害的凸显期。环境保护综合名录是针对工业产品制订的环境保护配套名录,为削减、替换高环境污染、高环境风险的产品和工艺提供作用对象,本工作服务于环境保护综合名录的制订工作,对化学品和工业生产的累积性环境风险评价进行研究。本工作分析借鉴国外化学品管理制度和相关产品名单,根据对目前国际社会重点关注物质的污染风险分析,归纳选取毒理性、可降解性、生物富集性和挥发性四个物性参数建立了累积性环境损害模型,又根据不同的适用条件分为宏观模型与局部模型。以局部模型为例,选取常见的化学品为计算样本,以已列入国际化学品管理清单的化学品为指针,分析模型结果对筛选累积性化学品的作用,建立化学品累积性环境风险评价复合条件模型。根据复合条件模型,从计算结果中筛选出11种化学品,并对火炸药产品DNT、TNT和黑索金的累积性环境风险进行了分析,结果表明其累积性环境风险较高,并以慢性毒性为主。同时,为了筛选出具有累积性环境风险的工业生产工艺,本文采用环境代价的概念,建立累积性环境代价指数模型(CER模型),利用我国的环境普查数据,选取重金属为例,衡量了我国现行行业分类中各行业的重金属类累积性环境代价,并以CER模型对聚氯乙烯不同工艺的累积性环境代价进行计算。
[Abstract]:Because of the increasing number of chemicals and the extensive contact with human beings, the long-term, potential and cumulative environmental risks of chemicals have been gradually exposed, which has aroused the attention of the international community. Each major developed country has issued a list of related chemicals management substances, some international conventions have also been formulated. The environmental problems in China are also serious, especially the accumulation effect of heavy metal pollution events, which indicates that China has entered the prominent period of cumulative environmental hazards. The comprehensive list of environmental protection is a complete list of environmental protection for industrial products. It provides an object for reducing and replacing products and processes with high environmental pollution and high environmental risk. This work serves the purpose of making a comprehensive list of environmental protection. To study the cumulative environmental risk assessment of chemicals and industrial production. Based on the analysis of the chemical management system and the list of related products, and based on the analysis of the pollution risk of the current international community, the selection of toxic and degradable materials is summarized. The accumulative environmental damage model was established by the four physical parameters of bioconcentration and volatility, and was divided into macroscopic model and local model according to different applicable conditions. Taking the local model as an example, taking common chemicals as calculation samples and chemicals on the international chemicals management list as guidelines, the effects of model results on the screening of cumulative chemicals are analyzed. A compound condition model for chemical cumulative environmental risk assessment was established. According to the compound condition model, 11 chemicals were screened out from the calculation results, and the cumulative environmental risks of DNTN TNT and Heisoujin were analyzed. The results showed that the cumulative environmental risk was higher, and chronic toxicity was the main factor. At the same time, in order to screen out the industrial production process with cumulative environmental risk, this paper adopts the concept of environmental cost, establishes the accumulative environmental cost index model and CER model, and selects heavy metals as an example by using the environmental survey data of our country. The accumulative environmental cost of heavy metals in various industries in current industry classification in China was measured, and the accumulative environmental cost of different processes of PVC was calculated by CER model.
【学位授予单位】：北京理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X82

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