病房室内空气微生物污染研究

发布时间：2018-06-28 22:01

本文选题：普通病房 + 空气污染　；参考：《重庆大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：室内空气品质问题越来越受关注,空气微生物是造成室内空气污染的主要原因之一。微生物在空气中以气溶胶的形式存在,随着呼吸气流进入人体。不同粒径的气溶胶会进入不同的人体组织造成伤害,致病空气微生物种属还会产生或携带对人体有害的毒素引起疾病。医院住院大楼人员密度和流量大,容易造成空气微生物聚集,普通病房中病人身体虚弱抵抗力较差,易被致病性空气微生物侵袭,导致各种病症和医源性感染。本文依托于国家自然科学基金项目《医疗建筑热湿环境对人体健康舒适影响的基础研究》(No.51278506),对现代医院普通空调病房在实际运行中室内空气微生物污染状况、气溶胶分布规律和粒径特点以及优势菌种等进行实验研究,为病房的空调设计和运行管理提供基础数据和理论支持。首先,对现有的大量国内外对空气微生物的研究成果进行整理归纳,得到了不同类型的建筑的室内外空气微生物的浓度、气溶胶以及优势菌种的特点规律。针对现行的空气微生物规范标准或评价方法的不足提出了建议评价方法,引入污染指数对病房空气微生物污染进行评价。然后,使用沉降法对医院A,撞击法对医院B的普通病房室内外空气微生物进行现场采样,在实验室对样本进行培养计数和菌种鉴别。发现夏季病房空气细菌浓度高于冬季,空气真菌浓度变化与细菌相反,同季节空气细菌浓度高于真菌;医院A冬季有着轻微的空气微生物污染,夏季只有空气细菌污染;医院B冬夏季都有着严重的空气微生物污染。通过数学分析,结合已有研究结论,认为空气微生物浓度的共同的影响因素为季节、温度和相对湿度,病房内人数会影响空气细菌浓度。得到冬夏季的空气微生物气溶胶粒径分布特点,冬季空气细菌气溶胶粒径主要分布3μm以上,夏季主要分布1~6μm之间;冬夏季的空气真菌气溶胶粒径分布规律大致相同,主要分布在3~1μm之间;冬夏季的空气细菌气溶胶中值直径都小于5μm,真菌小于3μm,季节不同会影响空气细菌气溶胶中值直径,不会影响真菌。通过菌种鉴别发现革兰氏阳性球菌为占绝对优势的空气细菌,空气真菌的优势菌属为青霉属、曲霉属、交链孢霉属、枝孢菌和木霉属。
[Abstract]:The problem of indoor air quality has been paid more and more attention. Air microorganism is one of the main causes of indoor air pollution. Microorganisms exist in the air as aerosols and enter the body with breathing air. Aerosols with different particle sizes will cause damage to different human tissues, and pathogenic airborne microorganisms will also produce or carry harmful toxins to cause diseases. The density and flow of staff in hospital buildings are large, which is easy to cause the accumulation of microorganism in air, and the patients in general ward are weak and resistant, and easily invaded by pathogenic air microbes, resulting in various diseases and iatrogenic infections. Based on the National Natural Science Foundation project "basic Research on the influence of Thermal and humid Environment of Medical buildings on Human Health and comfort" (No. 51278506), this paper deals with the situation of indoor air microbial pollution in the practical operation of general air-conditioned wards in modern hospitals. In order to provide basic data and theoretical support for the air conditioning design and operation management of the ward, the aerosol distribution law, particle size characteristics and dominant bacteria species were studied experimentally. Firstly, a large number of domestic and international research results on air microbes are summarized, and the characteristics of indoor and outdoor microbes, aerosols and dominant bacteria in different types of buildings are obtained. In view of the deficiency of the current standard or evaluation method of air microorganism, this paper puts forward a suggested evaluation method, and introduces the pollution index to evaluate the air microbial pollution in the ward. Then, the Aand impact method was used to sample the indoor and outdoor microbes in the general ward of hospital B, and the samples were cultured and counted and the bacteria were identified in the laboratory. It was found that the concentration of air bacteria in summer ward was higher than that in winter, the change of air fungal concentration was opposite to that of bacteria, and the concentration of air bacteria was higher than that of fungi in the same season, hospital A had slight air microbial pollution in winter and only air bacterial pollution in summer. Hospital B has serious air microbial pollution in winter and summer. Through mathematical analysis and combined with the existing research conclusions, it is considered that the common influencing factors of air microbial concentration are season, temperature and relative humidity, and the number of people in the ward will affect the concentration of air bacteria. The characteristics of microorganism aerosol size distribution in winter and summer were obtained. The size distribution of bacterial aerosol in winter was more than 3 渭 m, and that in summer was between 1 渭 m and 6 渭 m, and the distribution law of air fungal aerosol in winter and summer was approximately the same. The median diameter of bacterial aerosol in winter and summer was less than 5 渭 m and that of fungi was less than 3 渭 m. It was found that Gram-positive coccus was the dominant bacteria in the air, and the dominant bacteria in air fungi were Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, Cladosporium and Trichoderma.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TU834.8;X51

【相似文献】