滇池流域城镇化对水污染结构类型的影响

发布时间：2018-09-01 12:58

【摘要】：随着信息时代的到来,资本与劳动力的流动性日益自由化、全球化,随之而来的便是大规模的城市化运动。然而,随着城市化的加速发展,人类的活动范围日益扩大,不仅使自然资源日渐紧张,而且加重了对环境的污染,城市化对环境影响日益明显。湖泊水环境是环境生态的重要构成部分,其生态功能不可替代,湖泊水资源也是地球上少量可直接供应人类生活和生产所需的水源之一。可是随着城镇化进程带来的人口增加、土地利用性质改变,引起湖泊水环境恶化,影响湖泊功能的正常发挥,严重制约了人类社会的可持续发展。本文正是基于以上事实,以滇池流域为研究案例,探讨城镇化过程对流域内湖泊水质污染结构类型的影响。具体方法:首先利用RS、GIS、统计分析和野外实际调查等技术手段,对流域内1992年到2012年的原始影像进行处理,获取滇池流域土地利用面积的历史和现状数据,分析其变化趋势;然后结合土地利用类型单位面积的负荷量计算出流域非点源负荷产生量,分析其随着土地利用变化而变化情况;然后通过统计城镇人口数据,计算城镇化指标,并结合人均污染负荷产生量和污水处理情况,计算历年流域点源负荷产生量、排放量及变化情况;其后,通过水质监测数据,研究各个时期水污染状况和结构类型变化特点;最后通过对比城镇化过程中点源、非点源负荷的产生量和水质污染结构变化特征,建立城镇化与水污染结构类型的相互关系,为城镇可持续发展与流域水环境的保护协调提供科学依据。研究表明:1、1992年到2012年昆明城镇化飞速发展,人口数量大幅增长,同时流域内耕地面积不断减少,城镇用地面积大幅增加。2、随着城镇化发展,点源和非点源负荷的产生量持续增大,其中点源污染逐渐得到有效削减,然而城镇非点源负荷的产生量却随着城镇用地面积的增加大幅增长,贡献率也不断上升。其中城镇用地贡献率最高,成为主要污染来源。3、滇池草海水环境与流域城镇化符合“环境库兹涅茨倒U型曲线”规律,二者关系在2005年从拮抗阶段进入磨合期,随着城镇化水平继续提高,滇池草海水质逐渐好转。4、滇池外海COD和总氮非点源污染已逐渐取代点源污染成为造成污染的主要因素,总磷污染目前仍处于二者共同作用下,但城镇非点源负荷量上涨速度日益加快。由于没有得到有效控制致使有机污染加重,造成外海的污染类型从单一富营养化污染型转变为兼具有机污染类型;并且若不尽快采取有效手段控制城镇非点源负荷量的上涨,那么滇池外海的富营养化将会日趋严重。
[Abstract]:With the arrival of the information age, the mobility of capital and labor has been liberalized day by day, and globalization has been followed by a large-scale urbanization movement. However, with the rapid development of urbanization, the scope of human activities is expanding day by day, which not only makes the natural resources increasingly tense, but also exacerbates the pollution to the environment, and the impact of urbanization on the environment is becoming more and more obvious. Lake water environment is an important component of environmental ecology, and its ecological function can not be replaced. Lake water resources are also one of the water sources which can supply human life and production directly on the earth. However, with the increase of population and the change of the nature of land use, the water environment of lakes is deteriorating, which affects the function of lakes and restricts the sustainable development of human society. Based on the above facts and taking the Dianchi Lake Basin as a case, this paper discusses the influence of urbanization on the structure of lake water pollution in the basin. Methods: firstly, the original images from 1992 to 2012 in the basin were processed by RS,GIS, statistical analysis and field investigation, and the historical and present data of land use area in Dianchi Lake Basin were obtained, and the changing trend of land use area in Dianchi Lake Basin was analyzed. Then combined with the load of unit area of land use type to calculate the non-point source load production of the watershed, and analyze its change with the change of land use, and then calculate the urbanization index by statistics of urban population data. Combined with the per capita pollution load production and sewage treatment, the paper calculates the output, discharge and change of point source load in river basin over the years, and then, through the monitoring data of water quality, studies the characteristics of water pollution status and structural type change in each period. Finally, the relationship between urbanization and water pollution structure is established by comparing the characteristics of point source, non-point source load and water pollution structure. It provides a scientific basis for the coordination of urban sustainable development and river basin water environment protection. The study shows that from 1992 to 2012, the urbanization of Kunming developed rapidly, and the population increased dramatically. At the same time, the area of cultivated land in the river basin was decreasing, and the area of urban land had increased by a large margin. With the development of urbanization, The production of point source and non-point source load increases continuously, and point source pollution is reduced gradually. However, with the increase of urban land area, the amount of non-point source load in urban area increases greatly, and the contribution rate is also increasing. The contribution rate of urban land was the highest, which became the main pollution source. The water environment of Caohai in Dianchi Lake and the urbanization of the basin were in accordance with the law of "environmental Kuznets inverted U-shaped curve". The relationship between them entered the running-in period from the antagonistic stage in 2005. As the urbanization level continues to improve, the water quality of Caohai in Dianchi Lake is gradually improving. The COD and total nitrogen non-point source pollution have gradually replaced the point source pollution as the main pollution factors, and the total phosphorus pollution is still under the joint action of both. But the urban non-point source load increases faster and faster. Due to the lack of effective control, organic pollution is aggravated, and the type of pollution in the open sea is changed from single eutrophication to organic pollution, and if effective measures are not taken to control the increase of non-point source load in cities and towns as soon as possible, Then the Dianchi Lake off the sea eutrophication will become more and more serious.
【学位授予单位】：云南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X52

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