杭嘉湖大气氮、磷沉降特征及其对水环境的影响
发布时间：2018-09-12 14:06
【摘要】：氮沉降是全球氮循环中的重要组成部分。大气氮、磷沉降作为环境不可忽视的营养物补充来源,是补充生态系统中氮、磷流失的一项重要途径,对植物生长有一定的促进作用,但是过量的大气氮、磷沉降到环境中,对陆地及水生生态系统的生产力及稳定性会产生严重影响。自工业革命以来,化学氮肥和化石燃料的消耗量急剧增加,导致人为的氮排放量激增,过度的氮沉降对环境的影响日益突出。本研究通过对2013年9月-2014年8月杭嘉湖地区杭州、嘉兴和湖州5个典型站点大气氮、磷沉降数据分析,评价了杭嘉湖地区大气氮、磷干湿沉降通量,探讨了影响大气沉降的因素、时空变化规律,并对嘉兴地区的大气沉降进行了源解析,估算了大气氮、磷沉降对区域水环境的影响,为杭嘉湖地区污染治理提供基础资料和科学依据。(1)杭嘉湖地区大气氮、磷沉降通量水平较高,分别为4884.70和65.46kg/(km~2·a),降入地表的氮、磷分别达64745.96和871.21t/a,占整个面源氮、磷排放量的56.8和19.8%,大气沉降氮、磷入河量分别为11547.22和155.46t/a,分别占面源污染源氮、磷入河量的32.0和7.7%。(2)氮沉降以湿沉降形式为主,各地湿沉降占总沉降比例不同(53.10%~70.83%),平均为60.70%。对嘉兴地区降雨的分析表明,在2013年5月至2014年8月期间,嘉兴地区嘉兴站的TN湿沉降通量高达4545kg/km~2,其中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和DON的比例分别为39%、19%和42%,王店南梅站的TN湿沉降通量3417kg/km~2,其中NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和DON的比例分别为33%、19%和48%,NH_4~+-N和DON沉降是嘉兴大气氮湿沉降的主要部分。嘉兴站的降水中TN浓度在夏季变化较为平缓,一般为1.71~3.96mg/L,王店南梅站的降水中TN浓度变化总体上表现出逐月降低的特征,两站降水中NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的浓度变化趋势与TN变化趋势基本一致。两站TP浓度均表现出逐月降低的特征。对杭州和嘉兴的湿沉降的分析表明,氮、磷湿沉降通量主要受降雨量影响,且随降雨量的增加而增加,TN、TP浓度在小雨最高,不同等级降雨的大气TN、TP湿沉降通量占年湿沉降量的比例大小依次为大雨、中雨、小雨。大气磷沉降以干沉降形式为主,干沉降占总沉降比例在59.6~70.6%之间,平均为67.0%。(3)氮、磷沉降存在时空差异性,对整个杭嘉湖地区而言,大气氮总沉降通量夏秋两季较大,大气磷总沉降通量以秋冬两季较大;其中大气氮湿沉降通量按大小依次为夏季春季秋季冬季,大气磷湿沉降通量按大小依次为秋季夏季春季冬季;大气氮、磷干沉降以秋冬两季为主。在空间分布上,嘉兴地区大气氮、磷沉降通量最高,分别达5368.4和74.92kg/(km~2·a),湖州次之,分别达4950.74和67.22kg/(km~2·a),杭州最低,分别达4334.96和54.26kg/(km~2·a)。其中大气氮、磷湿沉降通量大小依次为湖州、嘉兴、杭州,大气氮、磷干沉降通量按大小依次为嘉兴、湖州、杭州。(4)对嘉兴地区进行的后向轨迹分析表明,大气降水主要受自然源和人为源的影响,大陆性气团影响的降水中营养盐含量较高,而海洋性气团影响的降水中营养盐含量较低。在大气氮湿沉降通量最大的夏、秋两季,影响嘉兴的气团主要来自西南方向和东南方向;在大气磷湿沉降最大的秋季,影响嘉兴的气团主要来自东南方向。嘉兴地区的大气氮、磷干沉降在春夏两季主要受海洋性气团影响,因此这两季干沉降通量较低,而秋冬两季较高的干沉降通量可能与来自其北方的气团携带的沙尘和人为源产生的污染物有关。(5)杭州、嘉兴和湖州的营养氮沉降临界负荷分别为2.03、1.3和1.83keq/(hm2·a),杭嘉湖三地的大气氮沉降分别超临界负荷0.55、2.42、1.68keq/(hm2·a)。杭嘉湖地区春夏季大气氮沉降对氮出境通量的影响要比秋冬季更显著,湖州的大气氮沉降对氮出境通量的影响要比杭州和嘉兴更显著。
[Abstract]:Nitrogen deposition is an important part of the global nitrogen cycle. Atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, as a supplementary source of nutrients which can not be neglected by the environment, is an important way to supplement nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the ecosystem. It can promote plant growth to a certain extent. However, excessive atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition into the environment will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Since the Industrial Revolution, the consumption of chemical nitrogen fertilizers and fossil fuels has increased dramatically, resulting in a sharp increase in anthropogenic nitrogen emissions and an increasing impact of excessive nitrogen deposition on the environment. Based on the analysis of the data of nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, this paper evaluates the dry and wet deposition fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus in the atmosphere of Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area, discusses the factors affecting the atmospheric deposition and the law of space-time variation, analyzes the source of atmospheric deposition in Jiaxing area, estimates the influence of atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition on the regional water environment, and provides basic data for pollution control in Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area (1) The atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes in Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area are higher, which are 4884.70 and 65.46 kg / (km~2.a), respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus falling to the surface are 64745.96 and 871.21 t/a, respectively, accounting for 56.8 and 19.8% of the total non-point source nitrogen, 56.8 and 19.8% of the total phosphorus emission, 11547.22 and 155.46 t/a of atmospheric sedimentation nitrogen and 155.46 t/a of phosphorus, respectively, accounting for the non-point source pollution source nitrogen and 32.0% and 7.7% of the river inflow. (2) Nitrogen deposition is mainly in the form of wet deposition, and the wet deposition accounts for 60.70% of the total settlement (53.10% ~ 70.83%). The analysis of rainfall in Jiaxing area shows that the wet deposition flux of TN in Jiaxing station is as high as 454545 kg/km~2 from May 2013 to August 2014, in which the ratio of NH_4~ +-N, NO_3~-N and DO N is high. The wet deposition flux of TN at Nanmei station in Wangdian is 3417kg/km~2, in which the ratios of NH_4~+-N, NO_3~-N and DON are 33%, 19% and 48%, respectively. The deposition of NH_4~+-N and DON are the main parts of the wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in Jiaxing. The variation of TN concentration in precipitation at Jiaxing station is gentle in summer, generally 1.71~3.96mg/L, and the fall of Nanmei station in Wangdian is 1.71~3.96mg/L. The variation of TN concentration in water shows the characteristics of decreasing month by month. The variation trend of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~-N concentration in precipitation of the two stations is basically consistent with that of TN. The ratio of TN and TP wet deposition flux to annual wet deposition was heavy rain, moderate rain and light rain in turn. Dry deposition was the main form of atmospheric phosphorus deposition, and dry deposition accounted for 59.6-70.6% of the total deposition, with an average of 67.0%. (3) Nitrogen and phosphorus deposition had spatial and temporal differences. For the whole Hangzhou-Jiahu region, the total atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux is larger in summer and autumn, and the total atmospheric phosphorus deposition flux is larger in autumn and winter; the wet atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux is in the order of summer, spring and winter, and the wet atmospheric phosphorus deposition flux is in the order of autumn, summer, spring and winter; the atmospheric nitrogen and dry phosphorus deposition is in the order of autumn and winter. In spatial distribution, atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes in Jiaxing area were the highest, reaching 5368.4 and 74.92 kg / (km~2.a), followed by Huzhou, reaching 4950.74 and 67.22 kg / (km~2.a), respectively, and Hangzhou, the lowest, reaching 4334.96 and 54.26 kg / (km~2.a), respectively. (4) The back track analysis of Jiaxing area shows that the atmospheric precipitation is mainly affected by natural and man-made sources. The content of nutrients in the precipitation affected by the continental air mass is higher than that of the precipitation affected by the oceanic air mass. In summer and autumn, the air masses affecting Jiaxing mainly come from the southwest and Southeast directions; in autumn, the air masses affecting Jiaxing mainly come from the Southeast direction. The atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus dry deposition in Jiaxing area are mainly affected by oceanic air masses in spring and summer, so the dry deposition fluxes are lower in these two seasons, but higher in autumn and winter. (5) The critical loads of nutrient nitrogen deposition in Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou are 2.03, 1.3 and 1.83 Keq / (hm2 65 The effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on nitrogen outbound flux is more significant in season than in autumn and winter. The effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on nitrogen outbound flux in Huzhou is more significant than that in Hangzhou and Jiaxing.
【学位授予单位】：浙江工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X51;X143
[Abstract]:Nitrogen deposition is an important part of the global nitrogen cycle. Atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, as a supplementary source of nutrients which can not be neglected by the environment, is an important way to supplement nitrogen and phosphorus loss in the ecosystem. It can promote plant growth to a certain extent. However, excessive atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition into the environment will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Since the Industrial Revolution, the consumption of chemical nitrogen fertilizers and fossil fuels has increased dramatically, resulting in a sharp increase in anthropogenic nitrogen emissions and an increasing impact of excessive nitrogen deposition on the environment. Based on the analysis of the data of nitrogen and phosphorus deposition, this paper evaluates the dry and wet deposition fluxes of nitrogen and phosphorus in the atmosphere of Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area, discusses the factors affecting the atmospheric deposition and the law of space-time variation, analyzes the source of atmospheric deposition in Jiaxing area, estimates the influence of atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition on the regional water environment, and provides basic data for pollution control in Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area (1) The atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes in Hangzhou-Jiahu Lake area are higher, which are 4884.70 and 65.46 kg / (km~2.a), respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus falling to the surface are 64745.96 and 871.21 t/a, respectively, accounting for 56.8 and 19.8% of the total non-point source nitrogen, 56.8 and 19.8% of the total phosphorus emission, 11547.22 and 155.46 t/a of atmospheric sedimentation nitrogen and 155.46 t/a of phosphorus, respectively, accounting for the non-point source pollution source nitrogen and 32.0% and 7.7% of the river inflow. (2) Nitrogen deposition is mainly in the form of wet deposition, and the wet deposition accounts for 60.70% of the total settlement (53.10% ~ 70.83%). The analysis of rainfall in Jiaxing area shows that the wet deposition flux of TN in Jiaxing station is as high as 454545 kg/km~2 from May 2013 to August 2014, in which the ratio of NH_4~ +-N, NO_3~-N and DO N is high. The wet deposition flux of TN at Nanmei station in Wangdian is 3417kg/km~2, in which the ratios of NH_4~+-N, NO_3~-N and DON are 33%, 19% and 48%, respectively. The deposition of NH_4~+-N and DON are the main parts of the wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in Jiaxing. The variation of TN concentration in precipitation at Jiaxing station is gentle in summer, generally 1.71~3.96mg/L, and the fall of Nanmei station in Wangdian is 1.71~3.96mg/L. The variation of TN concentration in water shows the characteristics of decreasing month by month. The variation trend of NH_4~+-N and NO_3~-N concentration in precipitation of the two stations is basically consistent with that of TN. The ratio of TN and TP wet deposition flux to annual wet deposition was heavy rain, moderate rain and light rain in turn. Dry deposition was the main form of atmospheric phosphorus deposition, and dry deposition accounted for 59.6-70.6% of the total deposition, with an average of 67.0%. (3) Nitrogen and phosphorus deposition had spatial and temporal differences. For the whole Hangzhou-Jiahu region, the total atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux is larger in summer and autumn, and the total atmospheric phosphorus deposition flux is larger in autumn and winter; the wet atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux is in the order of summer, spring and winter, and the wet atmospheric phosphorus deposition flux is in the order of autumn, summer, spring and winter; the atmospheric nitrogen and dry phosphorus deposition is in the order of autumn and winter. In spatial distribution, atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus deposition fluxes in Jiaxing area were the highest, reaching 5368.4 and 74.92 kg / (km~2.a), followed by Huzhou, reaching 4950.74 and 67.22 kg / (km~2.a), respectively, and Hangzhou, the lowest, reaching 4334.96 and 54.26 kg / (km~2.a), respectively. (4) The back track analysis of Jiaxing area shows that the atmospheric precipitation is mainly affected by natural and man-made sources. The content of nutrients in the precipitation affected by the continental air mass is higher than that of the precipitation affected by the oceanic air mass. In summer and autumn, the air masses affecting Jiaxing mainly come from the southwest and Southeast directions; in autumn, the air masses affecting Jiaxing mainly come from the Southeast direction. The atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus dry deposition in Jiaxing area are mainly affected by oceanic air masses in spring and summer, so the dry deposition fluxes are lower in these two seasons, but higher in autumn and winter. (5) The critical loads of nutrient nitrogen deposition in Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou are 2.03, 1.3 and 1.83 Keq / (hm2 65 The effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on nitrogen outbound flux is more significant in season than in autumn and winter. The effect of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on nitrogen outbound flux in Huzhou is more significant than that in Hangzhou and Jiaxing.
【学位授予单位】：浙江工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X51;X143
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