工业场地周围环境介质中重金属污染状况分析
发布时间：2018-09-13 07:25
【摘要】：随着我国经济的快速发展,城市化建设以及工业化进程不断加快,工业污染也愈发突出,尤其工业场地的肆意开采、城市规模不断扩张导致城市垃圾的产量与日俱增,由此所带来的污染也日趋严重,其中重金属的污染状况尤为突出。由于重金属污染具有滞后性、累积性、隐蔽性等特点,因此短时间内没有危害人体的状况发生,很难被人们察觉,也就没有受到人们的重视。但是,近年来一系列重金属污染事件的发生：从2009年的陕西凤翔、湖南武冈铅中毒事件到2010年的江苏盐城大丰市、广东清远儿童血铅事件；从2011年的云南曲靖铬渣污染事件到2012年的广西龙江河镉污染事件；从2013年的镉大米事件到2014年广西大新县镉污染事件,重金属污染事件层出不穷,让人们开始审视并关注重金属的污染状况。以尾矿库、城市垃圾填埋场为代表的工业场地所释放出的重金属可以通过食物链进入人体并在人体中累积,很多重大疾病的发生都与之密不可分,而这些疾病不易被察觉,即使发现也很难治愈。因此,工业场地周围重金属污染及其治理已经引起世界各国的普遍关注。近些年,我国也对工业场地周边的污染问题开展了一系列研究,但大多都是单一的土壤监测,对工业场地渗滤液及周边土壤、水体和大气中重金属的系统研究较少,而且目前所采用的重金属污染治理措施普遍存在投资过高、治理成本过大和治理效果不理想等问题。本文通过某尾矿以及某垃圾填埋场周围的农田土壤、渗滤液及地下水和大气中重金属的分布状况、化学形态以及自然状态下向周围环境介质中释放规律的研究,并借助检测重金属的全量和有效态含量来分析垃圾场对周围环境介质的污染程度及有关机理。主要研究结果如下：1.通过山东省某尾矿周边土壤中重金属含量分布情况分析,相对尾矿的距离不断增加,重金属的含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势。在距离尾矿500 m处,重金属的含量明显减少,说明尾矿对距尾矿500 m范围内土壤的重金属会产生较显著的影响。通过对尾矿周围土壤重金属生态风险评价发现该地土壤存在不同程度的重金属污染,各采样点,不同的重金属污染程度不同,说明尾矿对周边土壤各种重金属的污染状况也不尽一致。2.通过山东省某垃圾填埋场周边监测点位地下水重金属含量分析评价后发现相对尾矿的距离不断增加,重金属的含量呈逐渐降低的趋势。在距离垃圾填埋场300 m内的监测点位,地下水受重金属污染严重；距垃圾填埋场800 m以上重金属的含量明显减少,基本达到正常水平,说明垃圾填埋场对300 m范围内的地下水的重金属含量会产生影响。3.通过对山东省某垃圾填埋场可吸入颗粒物PM10和PM2.5的分析,垃圾填埋场对周边的可吸入颗粒物PM10和PM2.5有一定影响。从富集因子的特征分析显示,垃圾场的镉和铅具有较强的富集能力,是人为因素即垃圾填埋场扬尘引起的；汞和砷是人为因素和环境本底共同作用的结果；铬则是基本来源于自然环境的环境本底。通过对生物有效性系数分析计算,垃圾填埋场中铅的生物系数最大,对人体危害最大,汞的生物系数最小,对人体危害最小。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economy, urbanization and industrialization, industrial pollution is becoming more and more prominent, especially the wanton exploitation of industrial sites, the continuous expansion of urban scale leads to the increasing production of municipal solid waste, resulting in increasingly serious pollution, especially heavy metal pollution. Heavy metal pollution has the characteristics of hysteresis, accumulation, concealment and so on, so there is no harm to the human body in a short period of time, it is difficult to be detected by people, it has not been paid attention to. However, in recent years, a series of heavy metal pollution incidents occurred: from Fengxiang in Shaanxi Province, Wugang lead poisoning in Hunan Province to Jiangsu Province in 2010. In Dafeng City, Yancheng City, Guangdong Province, the children's blood lead incident in Qingyuan, Yunnan Province, the chromium residue pollution incident in Qujing in 2011 to the cadmium pollution incident in Longjiang River in 2012, the cadmium rice incident in 2013 to the cadmium pollution incident in Daxin County, Guangxi Province, in 2014, the heavy metal pollution events emerged one after another, which made people begin to examine and pay attention to the heavy metal pollution situation. Heavy metals emitted from industrial sites such as tailings ponds and municipal solid waste landfills can enter the human body through the food chain and accumulate in the human body. Many major diseases are closely related to them. These diseases are not easily detected, even if found, they are difficult to cure. Therefore, heavy metal pollution around industrial sites and its treatment have been carried out. In recent years, China has also carried out a series of studies on pollution around industrial sites, but most of them are single soil monitoring. There are few systematic studies on heavy metals in leachate and surrounding soil, water and atmosphere of industrial sites, and the current control measures of heavy metal pollution are universal. In this paper, the distribution of heavy metals in soil, leachate, groundwater and atmosphere around a tailings and a landfill, the chemical forms and the releasing rules of heavy metals to the surrounding environmental media under natural conditions are studied. The main results are as follows: 1. Through the analysis of the distribution of heavy metals in the soil around a tailings in Shandong Province, the relative distance between the tailings increases and the content of heavy metals decreases gradually. The content of heavy metals decreased significantly at 0 m, indicating that the tailings had a significant effect on the heavy metals in the soil within 500 m away from the tailings. The contamination status of various heavy metals in the soil around the landfill site in Shandong Province is not consistent. 2. Through the analysis and evaluation of heavy metal content in groundwater at the monitoring site around a landfill site in Shandong Province, it is found that the distance from the tailings increases continuously, and the content of heavy metals decreases gradually. The content of heavy metals above 800 m from the landfill site decreased significantly and reached the normal level, indicating that the landfill site would have an impact on the content of heavy metals in groundwater within 300 m. 3. Through the analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 in a landfill site in Shandong Province, the landfill site can inhale the surrounding areas. Particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 have a certain impact. The analysis of the characteristics of enrichment factors shows that cadmium and lead in landfills have a strong enrichment capacity, which is caused by human factors, i.e. dusts from landfills; mercury and arsenic are the result of the interaction of human factors and environmental background; chromium is basically derived from the environmental background of the natural environment. According to the analysis and calculation of bioavailability coefficient, lead in landfill has the largest biological coefficient, the greatest harm to human body, the smallest biological coefficient of mercury and the smallest harm to human body.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X502
本文编号：2240472
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economy, urbanization and industrialization, industrial pollution is becoming more and more prominent, especially the wanton exploitation of industrial sites, the continuous expansion of urban scale leads to the increasing production of municipal solid waste, resulting in increasingly serious pollution, especially heavy metal pollution. Heavy metal pollution has the characteristics of hysteresis, accumulation, concealment and so on, so there is no harm to the human body in a short period of time, it is difficult to be detected by people, it has not been paid attention to. However, in recent years, a series of heavy metal pollution incidents occurred: from Fengxiang in Shaanxi Province, Wugang lead poisoning in Hunan Province to Jiangsu Province in 2010. In Dafeng City, Yancheng City, Guangdong Province, the children's blood lead incident in Qingyuan, Yunnan Province, the chromium residue pollution incident in Qujing in 2011 to the cadmium pollution incident in Longjiang River in 2012, the cadmium rice incident in 2013 to the cadmium pollution incident in Daxin County, Guangxi Province, in 2014, the heavy metal pollution events emerged one after another, which made people begin to examine and pay attention to the heavy metal pollution situation. Heavy metals emitted from industrial sites such as tailings ponds and municipal solid waste landfills can enter the human body through the food chain and accumulate in the human body. Many major diseases are closely related to them. These diseases are not easily detected, even if found, they are difficult to cure. Therefore, heavy metal pollution around industrial sites and its treatment have been carried out. In recent years, China has also carried out a series of studies on pollution around industrial sites, but most of them are single soil monitoring. There are few systematic studies on heavy metals in leachate and surrounding soil, water and atmosphere of industrial sites, and the current control measures of heavy metal pollution are universal. In this paper, the distribution of heavy metals in soil, leachate, groundwater and atmosphere around a tailings and a landfill, the chemical forms and the releasing rules of heavy metals to the surrounding environmental media under natural conditions are studied. The main results are as follows: 1. Through the analysis of the distribution of heavy metals in the soil around a tailings in Shandong Province, the relative distance between the tailings increases and the content of heavy metals decreases gradually. The content of heavy metals decreased significantly at 0 m, indicating that the tailings had a significant effect on the heavy metals in the soil within 500 m away from the tailings. The contamination status of various heavy metals in the soil around the landfill site in Shandong Province is not consistent. 2. Through the analysis and evaluation of heavy metal content in groundwater at the monitoring site around a landfill site in Shandong Province, it is found that the distance from the tailings increases continuously, and the content of heavy metals decreases gradually. The content of heavy metals above 800 m from the landfill site decreased significantly and reached the normal level, indicating that the landfill site would have an impact on the content of heavy metals in groundwater within 300 m. 3. Through the analysis of PM10 and PM2.5 in a landfill site in Shandong Province, the landfill site can inhale the surrounding areas. Particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5 have a certain impact. The analysis of the characteristics of enrichment factors shows that cadmium and lead in landfills have a strong enrichment capacity, which is caused by human factors, i.e. dusts from landfills; mercury and arsenic are the result of the interaction of human factors and environmental background; chromium is basically derived from the environmental background of the natural environment. According to the analysis and calculation of bioavailability coefficient, lead in landfill has the largest biological coefficient, the greatest harm to human body, the smallest biological coefficient of mercury and the smallest harm to human body.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X502
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，本文编号：2240472
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