广州市医疗废物无害化处置调查及典型医疗塑料热解特性研究

发布时间：2018-10-23 18:01

【摘要】：随着广州市医疗废物产生量的增加,医疗废物的处置也越来越受到市政府和广大人民的高度重视。医疗废物危害性很大,处置过程中存在较多风险,制约着广州市社会、经济和环境的持续、协调发展。特别是各种处置技术的适应性、工艺原理的不同,导致各种处置技术的建设投资、运行费用等差异较大,处置效果也良莠不齐,给政府部门选择处置技术带来很大困难。广州市医疗废物的处置已开展了18年,处置技术和管理模式已不能代表当今先进水平,在医疗废物的产生和处置过程也存在一些问题。特别是快速增长的医疗废物量,给广州市医疗废物的处置带来巨大压力。而热解技术不仅具有焚烧技术的优点,还能节约能源,有效防止二次污染的产生,被认为是一种安全、高效的新型处理技术。本文在研究广州市医疗废物产生和处置现状的基础上,分析广州市医疗废物的组成、分类、产生特点和处置建设、运行及处置情况,提出医疗废物的产生和处置过程中存在的问题,并对广州市医疗废物产生量进行预测,分析焚烧技术和高温蒸汽灭菌技术的特点,并进一步对不同炉型的焚烧技术进行分析,提出适合广州市医疗废物处置的处理技术。最后对典型医疗塑料组分进行热解试验,分析其混合成分的热解特性和影响因素的影响,为热解焚烧技术的设计参数和运行提供一定的理论基础。结果表明：(1)广州市医疗废物组成中,塑料类组分含量较高,且随着一次性医疗器械的大量使用,未来医疗废物中塑料类组分含量会越来越高；(2)广州市医疗废物产生量不断增长,预测2020年将达到25749.38t,处置压力巨大,产生和处置过程中也存在分类不彻底、处置技术单一、设备老化和设施要求不规范等问题；(3)结合多种技术的比较分析和广州市医疗废物处理现状,建议选择热解焚烧炉作为新的医疗废物处理工艺；(4)混合组分热解过程中,各组分之间发生微弱的相互作用,主要是因为输液管含有的PVC热解析出的HCl与其他组分发生相互反应,整个热解过程基本体现了单组分热解的行为特性。(5)对混合组分来说,升温速率对其热解过程影响最大,终温、气体流速和样品质量对混合组分热解特性影响不大。
[Abstract]:With the increase of medical waste production in Guangzhou, the disposal of medical waste is paid more and more attention by municipal government and people. Medical waste is very harmful and there are many risks in the process of disposal, which restricts the sustainable and coordinated development of society, economy and environment in Guangzhou. Especially, the adaptability of various disposal technology and the difference of technological principle lead to great difference in construction investment and operation cost of various disposal technologies, and the effect of disposal is also mixed, which brings great difficulties to government departments in choosing disposal technology. The treatment of medical waste in Guangzhou has been carried out for 18 years. The disposal technology and management mode can not represent the advanced level nowadays. There are also some problems in the process of medical waste generation and disposal. In particular, the rapid growth of the amount of medical waste, the treatment of medical waste in Guangzhou brings great pressure. Pyrolysis technology not only has the advantages of incineration technology but also can save energy and prevent secondary pollution effectively. It is considered to be a safe and efficient new treatment technology. Based on the study of the status quo of medical waste generation and disposal in Guangzhou, this paper analyzes the composition, classification, production characteristics, construction, operation and disposal of medical waste in Guangzhou. The problems existing in the process of producing and disposing of medical waste are put forward, the production of medical waste in Guangzhou is predicted, the characteristics of incineration technology and high temperature steam sterilization technology are analyzed, and the incineration technology of different furnace types is analyzed. The treatment technology suitable for medical waste disposal in Guangzhou is put forward. Finally, the pyrolysis tests of typical medical plastics were carried out, and the pyrolysis characteristics of the mixed components and the influence factors were analyzed, which provided a theoretical basis for the design parameters and operation of pyrolysis incineration technology. The results are as follows: (1) in the composition of medical waste in Guangzhou, the content of plastic components is relatively high, and with the large use of disposable medical devices, the content of plastic components in medical waste will be higher and higher in the future; (2) the amount of medical waste in Guangzhou is increasing, and it is predicted that it will reach 25749.38 t in 2020. The disposal pressure is huge, the classification is not complete, the disposal technology is single, the equipment is aging and the facility requirement is not standardized. (3) based on the comparative analysis of various technologies and the present situation of medical waste treatment in Guangzhou, it is suggested that the pyrolytic incinerator should be selected as a new medical waste treatment process, (4) the weak interaction between each component in the pyrolysis process of mixed components, This is mainly due to the interaction between HCl and other components in the PVC thermal analysis of the infusion tube, and the whole pyrolysis process basically reflects the behavior of the one-component pyrolysis. (5) for the mixed components, the heating rate has the greatest influence on the pyrolysis process. The final temperature, gas flow rate and sample mass have little effect on the pyrolysis characteristics of the mixed components.
【学位授予单位】：广东工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：X799.5

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