铜川市水环境监测问题与对策研究

发布时间：2018-11-25 16:32

【摘要】：水污染问题不断出现,水质监测的水平和要求也不断提高,水质监测的质量保证直接决定着水质监测结果的准确性,随着监测项目和监测任务的不断增多,应该加强对水质自动监测技术的应用,同时做好各个环节的质量保证。本文在水质监测的实践基础上,通过查阅文献资料,主要针对陕西省铜川市水质监测工作中质量保证问题;实验室的污染物处理不当问题;以及水质在线监测的应用不完善和二次污染等问题,针对性地提出提高质量保证、改善实验室污染物处理以及加强在线监测的建议措施。主要得出以下结论:第一,水质监测的质量保证主要包括采样和实验室分析,针对目前采样不规范及实验室质控措施单一的问题,提出了以下主要质量保证措施,即在常规监测和污染源监测中合理布设监测断面(垂线),优化监测点位,确定监测时间和监测频次,合理采样,利用冷藏和加试剂等方法保存样品,在各方面保证样品的代表性,确定性,完整性。在实验室质量保证上,做好加标回收率分析,标准物质对比分析,方法比较分析,质量控制图,密码样和密码加标样分析等多种措施,利用多种方法加强实验室质量保证保。第二,实验室污染物主要包括三类,废水废液、废气及固体废弃物质,针对污染物的处理不当问题,同时结合水质监测的实践工作,提出分析中产生的无机废液的处置办法,加入试剂反应或者调节pH等,对有机废液进行蒸馏回收或者直接焚烧等,对固废根据不同情况进行分别处理,同时提高分析测试方法,广泛利用现代测试仪器等措施。第三,与传统监测相比,水质自动监测可以减少取样、运输、分析的工作量等优点。水质监测流程方便快捷,是一种新型的水质监测体系。结合铜川的污染源在线比对工作,针对目前在线监测的标准、污染等问题,提出应加强当前水质在线的应用,制定统一合适的在线监测标准,开发利用臭氧氧化法和高温催化法等在线监测方法以减少二次污染,同时须建立完善的管理体制,加强污染源在线监督管理体系建设,同环境质量监测体系有效联系起来,确保在线监测系统正常、规范、安全运行。
[Abstract]:The problem of water pollution appears constantly, and the level and requirement of water quality monitoring are improved. The quality assurance of water quality monitoring directly determines the accuracy of water quality monitoring results. With the increasing number of monitoring items and tasks, The application of automatic water quality monitoring technology should be strengthened, and the quality assurance of each link should be done well at the same time. Based on the practice of water quality monitoring, this paper mainly aims at the problems of quality assurance in water quality monitoring in Tongchuan City, Shaanxi Province, improper treatment of pollutants in laboratories, and through consulting literature. Some suggestions are put forward to improve the quality assurance, improve the treatment of pollutants in the laboratory and strengthen the on-line monitoring. The main conclusions are as follows: first, the quality assurance of water quality monitoring mainly includes sampling and laboratory analysis. Aiming at the problems of non-standard sampling and single laboratory quality control measures, the following main quality assurance measures are put forward. That is to say, the monitoring section (vertical line) should be arranged reasonably in the routine monitoring and pollution source monitoring, the monitoring point position should be optimized, the monitoring time and frequency should be determined, the reasonable sampling should be made, and the samples should be preserved by the methods of refrigerating and reagents, etc. Ensure the representativeness, certainty and completeness of the sample in all aspects. In the field of laboratory quality assurance, the recovery rate of standard addition, the comparative analysis of standard materials, the comparative analysis of methods, the analysis of quality control chart, the analysis of cipher sample and cipher plus standard sample, and so on, are done well, and various methods are used to strengthen the guarantee of laboratory quality. Second, laboratory pollutants mainly include three types, waste water, waste gas and solid waste materials. Aiming at the improper treatment of pollutants and combining with the practical work of water quality monitoring, the disposal methods of inorganic waste liquid produced in the analysis are put forward. By adding reagent reaction or adjusting pH, the organic waste liquor was distilled and recovered or incinerated directly, the solid waste was treated separately according to different conditions, and the analytical and testing methods were improved, and the modern test instruments were widely used. Third, compared with traditional monitoring, automatic monitoring of water quality can reduce the workload of sampling, transportation, analysis and so on. The flow of water quality monitoring is convenient and fast, and it is a new water quality monitoring system. Combined with the online comparison of pollution sources in Tongchuan, aiming at the current on-line monitoring standards, pollution and other problems, the paper puts forward that the application of current water quality online should be strengthened, and a unified and appropriate on-line monitoring standard should be formulated. In order to reduce secondary pollution, on-line monitoring methods such as ozone oxidation method and high temperature catalytic method should be developed to reduce secondary pollution. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a perfect management system and strengthen the construction of on-line supervision and management system of pollution sources, which is effectively linked to the environmental quality monitoring system. Ensure the normal, standard and safe operation of the online monitoring system.
【学位授予单位】：西北农林科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X832

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