祁连山老虎沟12号冰川积雪化学特征及环境意义

2012年6月在祁连山老虎沟12号冰川采集雪坑和表层雪样品,结合相关分析法、海盐示踪法、气团轨迹法等方法,对冰川积雪的主要化学离子特征、来源及环境意义进行分析研究.结果表明,积雪中平均离子浓度Ca2+>SO42->NH4+>NO3->Cl->Na+>Mg2+>K+.雪坑中Ca2+是主要的阳离子,SO42-是主要的阴离子;各种离子在雪坑中的平均浓度要远大于表层雪,而且雪坑中的化学离子浓度峰值与污化层有着很好的对应性.同时,与青藏高原、中亚天山、阿尔泰山以及北半球其他区域高海拔雪冰化学特征进行比较,发现祁连山老虎沟12号冰川区积雪化学特征受亚洲粉尘源区陆源矿物影响较大.然而,雪坑中的离子(尤其是Na+和Cl-)除了陆源矿物粉尘之外,部分还来源于海洋源.结合NOAAHysplit模型对冰川区积雪化学离子来源进行了后向轨迹反演验证.

[1]  Aizen V B, Aizen E M, Melack J M, et al.Association between atmospheric circulation patterns and firn-ice core records from the Inilchek glacierized area, central Tien Shan, Asia[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2004, 109(D8), doi: 10.1029/2003JD003894.

[2]  OsadaK,Hajime I,Mizuka K M, et al.Mineral dust layers in snow at Mount Tateyama, Central Japan: formation processes and characteristics[J]. Tellus B, 2004, 56(4): 382-392.

[3]  Prospero J M, Ginoux P, Torres O,et al. Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product [J]. Reviews of Geophysics, 2002, 40(1), doi: 10.1029/2000RG000095.

[4]  Gao Y, Arimoto R, Zhou M Y, et al. Relationships between the dust concentrations over Eastern Asia and the remote North Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1992, 97(D9): 9867-9872.

[5]  Merrill J T, Uematsu M, Bleck R. Meteorological analysis of long range transport of mineral aerosols over the North Pacific [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1989,94(D6): 8584-8598.

[6]  Thompson L G, Hamilton W L, Bull C. Climatological implications of microparticle concentrations in the ice core from "Byrd" station, western Antarctica [J]. Journal of Glaciology, 1975,14(72): 433-444.

[7]  Thompson L G, Mosley-Thompson E. Microparticle concentration variations linked with climatic change: evidence from polar ice cores [J]. Science, 1981, 212(4496): 812-815.

[8]  Thompson L G, Davis M E, Mosley-Thompson E, et al. A 25,000-year tropical climate history from Bolivian ice cores[J]. Science, 1998, 282(5395): 1858-1864.

[9]  Uematsu M, Duce R A, Prospero J M, et al. Transport of mineral aerosol from Asia over the North Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1983, 88(C3): 5343-5352.

[10]  Steffensen J P. The size distributions of microparticle from selected segments of the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core representing different climatic periods [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1997, 102(C12): 26755-26763.

[11]  Church T M, Galloway J N, Jickells T D, et al. The chemistry of western Atlantic precipitation at the mid-Atlantic coast and on Bermuda [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1982, 87(C13): 11013-11018.

[12]  Kneene W C, Pszenny A A P, Galloway J N,et al. Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent rations in marine precipitation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1986, 91(D6): 6647-6658.

[13]  Li Xiangying, Liu Shiyin, Han Tianding, et al. Ion concentration in snow pits on glaciers in Eastern Tianshan Mountain——take Haxilegen Glacier No.51 of Kuitun River and Hami Miaoergou Flat-Topped Glacier as an example[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2008,23(12): 1269-1276. [李向应, 刘时银, 韩添丁, 等. 天山东部冰川雪坑离子浓度特征的对比研究——以奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川和哈密庙尔沟平顶冰川为例[J]. 地球科学进展, 2008, 23(12): 1269-1276.]

[14]  Dong Zhiwen, Li Zhongqin, Wang Feiteng, et al. Characteristics of modern atmospheric dust deposition in snow on the glaciers of East Tianshan Mountains, China [J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(5): 544-552. [董志文, 李忠勤, 王飞腾, 等. 天山东部冰川积雪中大气粉尘的沉积特征[J]. 地理学报, 2008, 63(5): 544-552.]

[15]  Dong Zhiwen, Li Zhongqin, Zhang Mingjun, et al. Chemistry and environmental significance of snow on Haxilegen Glacier No.51 in Kuytun of Eastern Tianshan Mountains[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010, 31(1): 149-156. [董志文, 李忠勤, 张明军, 等.天山奎屯河哈希勒根51号冰川雪坑化学特征及环境意义[J]. 地理科学, 2010, 31(1): 149-156.]

[16]  Cui Xiaoqing, Ren Jiawen, Qin Xiang, et al. Oxalate, fluoride record and their environmental significance in Laohugou Glacier No.12, Qilian Mountains[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2011, 30(11): 1919-1925. [崔晓庆, 任贾文, 秦翔, 等. 祁连山老虎沟冰芯草酸根和氟离子的记录及环境意义[J]. 环境化学, 2011, 30(11): 1919-1925.]

[17]  Li Z, Edwards R, Mosley-Thompson E, et al. Seasonal variability of ionic concentrations in surface snow and elution processes in snow-firn packs at the PGPI site on Urumqi glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China[J]. Annals of Glaciology, 2006, 43(1): 250-256.

[18]  Kang S, Huang J, Xu Y, et al.Changes in ionic concentrations andδ18O in the snowpack of Zhadang glacier, Nyainqentanglha mountain, southern Tibetan Plateau [J]. Annals of Glaciology, 2008, 49(1):127-134.

[19]  Xiao Cunde, Qin Dahe, Ren Jiawen,et al. Glaciochemistry distribution in the surface snow/ice in some key regions of the Cryosphere: the environmental significance[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2002, 24(5): 492-499. [效存德, 秦大河, 任贾文, 等. 冰冻圈关键地区雪冰化学的时空分布及环境指示意义[J]. 冰川冻土, 2002, 24(5): 492-499.]

[20]  Dibb J E, Whitlow S I, Arsenault M. Seasonal variations in the soluble ion content of snow at Summit. Greenland: Constraints from three years of daily surface snow samples[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007, 41(24): 5007-5019.

[21]  Ming J, Zhang D, Kang S, et al. Aerosol and fresh snow chemistry in the East Rongbuk Glacier on the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest)[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2007, 112(D15), doi: 10.1029/2007JD008618.

[22]  Olivier S, Schwikowski M, Br tsch S,et al. Glaciochemical investigation of an ice core from Belukha glacier, Siberian Altai [J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2003, 30(19), doi: 10.1029/2003GL018290.

[23]  Kang S, Mayewski P A, Qin D, et al. Glaciochemical records from a Mt. Everest ice core: relationship to atmospheric circulation over Asia[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002,36(21): 3351-3361.

[24]  Wang F, Li Z, You X, et al.Seasonal evolution of aerosol stratigraphy in Vrümqi glacier No.1 percolation zone, eastern Tien Shan, China [J]. Annals of Glaciology, 2006, 43(1): 245-249.

[25]  Keene W C, Galloway J N. Organic acidity in precipitation of North America [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1984,18(11): 2491-2497.

[26]  Kreutz K J, Aizen V B, Cecil L D, et al.Oxygen isotopic and soluble ionic composition of a shallow firn core, Inilchek glacier, central Tien Shan[J]. Journal of Glaciology, 2001, 47: 548-554.

[27]  Wake C P, Mayewski P A, Wang P, et al.Anthropogenic sulfate and Asia dust signals in snow from Tien Shan, Northwest China [J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1992, 16: 45-52.

[28]  Williams M W, Tonnessen K A, Melack J M,et al. Sources and spatial variation of the chemical composition of snow in the Tien Shan, China [J]. Annals of Glaciology, 1992, 16: 25-32.

[29]  Zhang Xiaoyu, Li Zhongqin, Wang Feiteng,et al.Chemistry and environmental significance of snow in snow pit of Glacier No.72, Mt. Tumur, Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012, 32(5): 641-648. [张晓宇, 李忠勤, 王飞腾, 等. 中亚天山托木尔峰地区青冰滩72号冰川雪坑化学特征及其环境指示意义[J]. 地理科学, 2012, 32(5): 641-648.]

[30]  Wang F, Wang L, Kang J, et al. Chemical characteristics of snow-firn pack in Altai Mountains and its environmental significance[J]. Journal of Earth Science, 2011,22(4): 482-489.

[31]  Li Zongxing, He Yuanqing, Pang Hongxi, et al.Source of major anions and cations of snowpacks in the typical monsoonal temperate glacial region of China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(9): 992-1001. [李宗省, 何元庆, 庞洪喜, 等. 我国典型季风海洋性冰川区雪坑中主要阴、 阳离子的来源[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(9): 992-1001.]

[32]  Yang Junhua, Qin Xiang, Wu Jinkui, et al.Distribution and variation of spring snow cover in Laohugou Watershed of the Qilian Mountains[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(5): 1091-1098. [杨俊华, 秦翔, 吴锦奎, 等. 祁连山老虎沟流域春季积雪属性的分布及变化特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(5): 1091-1098.]

[33]  Ma Lijuan, Qin Dahe. Spatial-temporal characteristics of observed key parameters for snow cover in China during 1957-2009[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012,34(1): 1-11. [马丽娟, 秦大河. 1957-2009年中国台站观测的关键积雪参数时空变化特征[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(1): 1-11.]

[34]  Yang Xingguo, Qin Dahe, Qin Xiang. Progress in the study of interaction between ice/snow and atmosphere[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(2): 392-402. [杨兴国, 秦大河, 秦翔. 冰川/积雪-大气相互作用研究进展[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(2): 392-402.]

[35]  Gong Xiaoqian, Wu Guangjian, Zhang Chenglong,et al. Dust change over the Tibetan Plateau in recent years using ice core records and satellite remote sensing data [J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(2): 257-266. [宫晓倩, 邬光剑, 张成龙, 等. 基于冰芯记录与遥感数据的近期青藏高原粉尘变化研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012,34(2): 257-266.]