超轻泡沫金属的简易高效制备及其性能研究
[Abstract]:Ultra-light foam materials have many advantages, such as ultra-low density, high specific surface area, absorption of impact energy, and so on. They are widely used in catalyst support, energy absorption and other fields. Ultra-light metal foams with porosity of more than 99% or density of less than 10 mg/cm3 face greater challenges. Conventional preparation methods can only obtain foam metals with porosity of 40%~97%, but the preparation methods of ultra-light non-metallic foams are not suitable for metal foams. So far, no simple process has been found, and the cost is low. In this paper, a cheap and clean foam-melamine foam for daily use is selected as a template. Based on the traditional electroless plating, a palladium-free activation process is used for the first time to prepare the macro-structure of ultra-light foam metal, such as silver, nickel, cobalt, copper and so on. The porosity of the foam metal is above 99.5%, and the lightest one is nickel foam. The density is only 7.4 mg/cm 3 and the porosity is as high as 99.9%. Electroless silver plating is carried out by one-step method without activation. Continuous ultrathin silver films are formed on the three-dimensional scale of foam templates. The structure and formation mechanism of silver films under different technological conditions are studied. The thickness of the silver layer is only 200 nm, which is in agreement with the theoretical calculation. The formation mechanism of the silver layer shows that the nucleation and growth rate of the electroless silver plating can be changed by controlling the concentration of the solution and the reaction temperature, thus forming different structures of the coating. Ultra-light silver foam with density as low as 18.7 mg/cm3 was successfully prepared by heating melamine foam with electroless silver plating and removing template. The porosity of silver foam was 99.8%. It is the lightest known macro-structure of silver foam. The formation process of silver foam with temperature was observed by scanning electron microscopy in situ. The results show that the ultralight silver foam can be obtained by sintering the electroless silver-plated foam. The silver foam consists of hollow silver tubes with different wall thicknesses. The structure of silver foam is related to the sintering temperature, and the sintering temperature rises from 660 to 70. When the temperature is 0, the hollow tube of silver foam changes into solid structure, and the density of silver foam increases; the compressive strength of ultralight silver foam decreases with the increase of porosity, and the silver foam formed by hollow tube has greater compressive strength; the in-situ observation of the preparation process of silver foam shows that silver recrystallization and growth occur at lower temperature, and the composition of silver foam increases. The diameter of silver wire in silver foam changes and shrinks, resulting in volume shrinkage of silver foam macrostructure compared with that before removing template. Self-triggering electroless nickel plating without palladium activation on silver layer is realized on the basis of electroless silver plating foam. The composite coating with Ni/Ag/Ni sandwich structure is obtained. The thickness of ultra-thin continuous nickel plating layer is only 50 nm. The structure and formation mechanism of electroless nickel plating without palladium were studied. The preparation process, structure and compressive properties of electroless nickel foam were studied. The results showed that electroless nickel plating could be carried out on a palladium-free activated silver layer. The mechanism study showed that good conductivity of ultrathin continuous silver layer promoted three-dimensional chemistry. The formation of the nickel-plated layer, the product after removing the template was ultralight nickel-silver composite foam, and the pore wall was composed of Ni/Ag/Ni sandwich structure metal layer. The mechanism analysis showed that the strong driving force of electroless nickel plating and the formation of hydrogen promoted the formation of the sandwich structure; the density of ultralight nickel foam was as low as 7.4 mg/cm 3, and the porosity was as high as 99.9%; the compression curve of ultralight nickel foam had a super The plateau strain can reach 82% in the long compression plateau area, and the stress remains unchanged in the plateau area, so that the energy absorption efficiency of nickel foam can reach 98%. The ultralight foam cobalt and ultralight foam copper were prepared by electroless silver plating foam and palladium-free activation process. The results show that the ultra-thin cobalt foam layer with 150 nm thickness is formed by electroless plating of cobalt on the polymer surface by palladium-free activation method, and the ultra-light cobalt foam is obtained by sintering. The mechanism of electroless plating on silver layer shows that the electrons produced by dehydrogenation of metal ions absorb and dehydrogenate, and the continuous ultra-thin silver layer can promote electron transport and accelerate the deposition of metal on the surface of silver layer to form a continuous metal coating. Foam is universal to all kinds of electroless plating. The method adopted is a simple and efficient general method for preparing ultra-light metal foam.
【学位授予单位】:天津大学
【学位级别】:博士
【学位授予年份】:2016
【分类号】:TG178
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