特长隧道内非充分照明环境对驾驶员的生理影响研究

发布时间：2018-02-10 02:17

本文关键词： 非充分照明环境隧道 HRV 眼动生理影响　出处：《内蒙古农业大学》2014年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：我国是一个多山的国家,75%左右的国土是山地或重丘[1],隧道工程在道路建设过程中因其具有缩短通行时间、全天候、对生态环境干扰影响小的优点而受到广泛重视,而且,公路隧道已逐渐成为山地或重丘地形环境中高等级公路建设不可或缺的重要组成部分。公路隧道作为一种特殊的交通构造物,因其空间高度受限、纵深长,且空间宽度比常规公路小而形成了一个相对封闭的空间环境。在这样一个封闭空间中,对光照环境的设置在理论上必须符合《规范》要求,而在实际运行管理过程当中,完全按照《规范》要求的隧道照明产生的巨大能耗给隧道运营管理带来了极大的压力,因而在实际运行过程中,经常会在日常行车过程中采用低于设计照明要求的非充分照明来节约成本和维系日常运营。调查表明,多数隧道照明都会因为巨大的能耗压力而处于非充分照明状态,而这种非充分照明状态正是导致高等级公路上的交通事故发生主要集中在隧道这一瓶颈路段的主要原因。因此,研究特长隧道内非充分照明环境对驾驶员的心理和生理影响,能够进一步明晰公路隧道交通照明环境的必要条件,从而在提高行车安全、进一步发挥公路交通人机环境系统有效性、降低隧道照明运行管理成本等方面发挥其应有的积极作用。本文通过对特长隧道交通环境中实时动态照度分布实验,分析了隧道内照明环境基本状况,确定了特长隧道内非充分照明环境的基本特征；通过实驾实验初步分析非充分照明环境对驾驶员的生理指标的影响,并通过实验过程中采集的心电及眼动信号的敏感性分析确定本实验研究的心电及眼动指标；运用心率变异分析方法对实驾实验中的驾驶员心电信号进行分析,进一步深入研究特长隧道内非充分照明环境对驾驶员生理反应的影响；基于生理学角度对各实验驾驶员进行分析,探讨特长隧道内非充分照明环境卞驾驶员的眼动变化特性；根据眼动与心电变化的共同之处并加以分析,确定特长隧道内非充分照明环境对驾驶员产生的生理变化共性规律,提出隧道光环境建设的具体思路和想法。研究结果表明,在特长隧道内非充分照明环境对不同速度下驾驶员的生理影响存在一定差异,主要表现为以下几个方面： (1)通过对秦岭终南山隧道内照明状况实测与分析,得出两个通行方向隧道的实际照明环境与《规范》及隧道设计照明要求存在较大差距,其中入口段照度差距比为1/7.425(双向均值),中间段差距比为1/8.8(双向均值),出口段差距比为1/4.205(双向均值),该隧道的非充分照明环境特性显著。 (2)在非充分照明环境下,通过HRV指标的综合分析得出：在低速(60kmm/h)状态下,驾驶员普遍表现出稳态区间内的心生理压力上升,产生了不同程度的生理紧张情绪,且驾驶员的驾龄、驾驶经验、环境熟悉程度越高,其生理压力的差异性表现越小；在高速(80km/h)状态下,驾驶员在稳态区间内的心生理压力波动变化加剧,对自身生理变化的综合控制能力存在较为明显的个体差异：不同速度下,受驾驶员对自身生理变化的综合控制能力影响,驾驶员的生理适应性表现不同,驾驶员的驾龄、驾驶经验、环境熟悉程度等外在因素影响微弱。 (3)在非充分照明环境下,通过对驾驶员眼动指标综合分析得出：在隧道出入口段,驾驶员对黑洞效应和白洞效应的生理适应性存在差异,入口暗适应时间短于出口明适应,速度越大,差异越小；眨眼时间在低速和高速状态下的趋势变化及结论基本一致,有80%的驾驶员表现为稳定区间内变化,说明了非充分照明环境下,眨眼时间对多数驾驶员的心生理变化表现不明显；在低速状态的瞳孔直径均值小于高速状态；低速(60km/h)行车条件下,扫视幅度多表现出间歇性的连续上升和下降变化,这种变化说明了驾驶员在隧道内行车时产生了一定的生理压力,且在面对压力的自我调节过程有明显的阶段性状态调整表现,结合HRV分析结果,得出阶段性状态调整与交感神经活性增强有关;高速(80km/h)行车条件下,驾驶员的扫视幅度的范围和幅度变化规律与瞳孔直径变化一致,阶段性状态调整表现变弱,迷走神经活性增强。因此,秦岭终南山隧道内的非充分照明环境在低速行车状态下对驾驶员的生理影响不大,而在高速行车状态下则产生了一定的影响,基于此,提出以下几点建议： (1)在非充分照明环境下,进一步加大出入口段的照明长度,缩小照明缓和的梯度差,确保驾驶员在进出隧道过程中有足够的生理适应时间； (2)在保证驾驶员具有充足生理适应时间的基础上,中间段照明可以维系目前的非充分照明条件。
[Abstract]:China is a mountainous country, about 75% of the land is mountainous or hilly [1], tunnel engineering in road construction process, shorten the travel time, because of its all-weather, on the ecological environment impact small advantages have attracted wide attention, and the highway tunnel has gradually become an important part of high grade highway the construction of mountainous or hilly terrain environment.
Highway tunnel is a special traffic structure, because of the limited space, long depth, width and space is smaller than the conventional highway to form a relatively closed space environment. In such a closed space, the light environment is set up in theory must meet the specification requirements of < >, and in the actual operation and management process, huge energy consumption in full accordance with the requirements of the specification of the tunnel lighting "have brought great pressure to the tunnel operation management, so in the actual operating process, often by less than the design lighting requirements of non full lighting to save costs and maintain daily operations in the daily process of traffic survey showed that. Most, tunnel lighting will be because of the huge pressure of energy consumption in non sufficient lighting state, and this is not sufficient lighting status is the cause of high grade highway traffic accidents are mainly concentrated in the tunnel The main reason for this bottleneck. Therefore, the research of tunnel lighting effects in full to the driver's psychological and physiological environment, to further clarify the highway tunnel lighting environment is the necessary condition, in order to improve the traffic safety, to further develop the effectiveness of environmental system of highway transportation machine, play its positive role on reducing tunnel lighting operation and management cost.
Based on the tunnel traffic environment in real-time dynamic illuminance distribution experiment, analysis of the tunnel lighting environment basic situation, determine the basic characteristics of the tunnel in full lighting environment; through the real driving experiment preliminary analysis of physiological effects of non sufficient lighting environment of the driver, and determine the ECG and eye movement index of this experimental study by the sensitivity of ECG signal acquisition and eye movement experiment in the process of analysis; using HRV analysis methods to analyze the real driving driver of ECG signal in the experiment, study the influence of tunnel lighting environment on specialty Daoneifei full driver's physiological reaction; on the analysis of driver's physiological angle based on the characteristics of the tunnel in eye movement study full lighting environment Bian driver; according to the common eye movements and changes of ECG and The general rule of physiological changes produced by the non sufficient lighting environment in the long tunnel is determined, and the concrete ideas and ideas of the tunnel light environment construction are put forward.
The results show that there are some differences in the physiological effects of the inadequate lighting environment on the drivers under different speeds in the super long tunnel, mainly in the following aspects.
(1) based on the measurement and analysis of Qinling Mountains Zhongnanshan tunnel lighting condition, draw two passing direction of tunnel lighting environment and the actual specification > and < tunnel lighting design requirements there is a big gap, the gap ratio is 1/7.425 at the entrance of illumination (bidirectional mean), middle distance is 1/8.8 (bidirectional mean). Export gap ratio is 1/4.205 (bidirectional mean), non sufficient lighting environment characteristics of the tunnel significantly.
(2) in non sufficient lighting environment, through a comprehensive analysis of the HRV index in the low speed (60kmm/h) condition, the driver generally showed heart physiological pressure range in the steady rise, the physiological tension in different degree, and the driver's driving experience, driving experience, the higher the familiarity of the environment, the difference the performance of pressure is smaller; at high speed (80km/h) under the condition of increasing the driver's psychological and physiological changes in the steady-state pressure fluctuation range, there are individual differences more obvious comprehensive ability to control the physiological change: not the same speed, the control ability of drivers change on their physiological effects, physiological adaptability the performance is different, the driver's driving experience, driving experience, familiarity of the environment external factors such as weak effect.
(3) in non sufficient lighting environment, obtained by comprehensive analysis on the driver's eye movement index: in the tunnel entrance section, the driver of the black hole effect and physiological adaptability of white hole effect difference, dark adaptation time is shorter than the entrance exit light adaptation, greater speed, the smaller the differences; blink at low speed and time variation and conclusion under high speed conditions consistent with the drivers for 80%, performance stable range, the non sufficient lighting environment, blink time physiological changes for most drivers' performance is not obvious; the pupil diameter is less than average in the state of low speed high speed; low speed (60km/h) driving conditions, showing the amplitude of saccades intermittent continuous rise and fall change, this change shows that the drivers in the tunnel have certain physiological pressure, and in the face of pressure self regulating process of Ming Dynasty Phase adjustment performance significantly, according to the analysis results of HRV, the enhanced phase adjustment and sympathetic nerve activity (80km/h); high speed driving conditions, the scope of the driver and the magnitude of saccade amplitude variation and pupil diameter change, phase state adjustment performance is weak, increased activity of the vagus nerve.
Therefore, the inadequate illumination environment in Zhongnan Mountain Tunnel in Qinling Mountains has little influence on the driver's physiology under low speed driving condition, but it has a certain impact on the high-speed driving condition. Based on this, the following suggestions are put forward.
(1) under the condition of inadequate illumination, we should further increase the lighting length of the entry and exit section, reduce the gradient difference between lighting and mitigation, and ensure that drivers have enough physiological adaptation time in the process of entering and leaving the tunnel.
(2) on the basis of ensuring that the driver has adequate physiological adaptation time, the middle section lighting can maintain the current inadequate lighting conditions.

【学位授予单位】：内蒙古农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：U453.7;U491.25

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