基于“黑洞效应”的公路驾驶员视错觉改善方法实验研究

发布时间：2018-05-15 00:38

本文选题：交通安全 + 黑洞效应　；参考：《武汉理工大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：本论文以国家自然科学基金项目——高速行驶环境下视觉敏感区、视觉焦点区演化规律及应用（项目编号：51008241），中国博士后基金项目——公路驾驶员视知觉时空隧道、黑洞效应形成机理研究（项目编号：2012M511290）为依托。我国是世界上公路隧道最多的国家，多数公路隧道处于低照度运营条件。白天公路隧道入口段照度过渡剧烈，导致隧道入口驾驶员暗适应困难，容易诱发“黑洞效应”，容易造成视觉障碍，难以辨别隧道内交通信息，导致隧道入口超速比例高，追尾事故多发。一般采取的改善措施是加强照明，，缓和公路隧道入口处的照度过渡，但这种方式的投资、运营成本高，难以为隧道运营管理部门接受。本文基于隧道入口微缩模型场景进行照度过渡实验，利用E-prime2.0搭建平台进行视觉心理实验，并以瞳孔面积变动为指标分析隧道入口路段驾驶员视觉适应特性；实验结果显示：（1）公路隧道入口微缩模型（1:20）能够有效模拟自隧道外进入隧道过程中的瞳孔照度过渡情况；（2）根据视觉负荷评价指标计算结果，隧道入口设施遮光效果从好到坏依次为：30°反削竹＞45°反削竹＞60°反削竹＞30°正削竹＞45°正削竹＞60°正削竹＞格栅式＞端墙式；（3）更长的结构设施更有助于接近隧道入口的过程中提早实现更平缓的照度过渡，且反削竹比正削竹的形式具有更好的遮光效果；（4）进入隧道过程中，过大的照度过渡率易加重驾驶员视觉负荷，并加剧心理紧张，造成视觉震荡，即视觉“黑洞效应”，并对车速、车距信息感知产生严重的判断误差，即视错觉；（6）根据视觉心理实验比选结果，在相同遮光部位下，速度错觉和碰撞时间错觉的大小与遮光长度相关，即越长的遮光设施其错觉量越有降低的趋势；在相同遮光长度下，遮挡天空的反削竹设施对错觉量的降低程度更高于遮挡道路两侧的正削竹设施；（7）重构的视觉参照系能够为驾驶员提供具有强刺激的视觉信息，通过多道频率组合的视觉参照系可以为驾驶员提供有效判断车速的依据，但对碰撞时间错觉的影响不显著。参照物理学中“黑洞”形状，提出一种隧道入口接近段的30-50m长的喇叭形结构遮光设计，缓和隧道接近段的照度过渡，延长驾驶员的暗适应时间；同时利用基于整体光流率的驾驶员速度感知原理、在隧道入口侧墙布置一定密度、大小、频率的逆反射材料（如轮廓标），提升驾驶员的速度感、方向感、距离感，并能主动控速，将有效缓解隧道入口的视觉“黑洞效应”，保障隧道入口处的交通安全。
[Abstract]:In this paper, the evolution and application of visual sensitive areas and visual focus areas in high-speed driving environment, a project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (project No.: 51008241), China Post-doctoral Foundation Project-Highway drivers' Visual perception Space-time Tunnel, are presented. Study on the formation Mechanism of Black Hole effect (item No.: 2012M 511290). China is the country with the most highway tunnels in the world. During the day, the intense illumination transition in the entrance section of the highway tunnel leads to the difficulty of dark adaptation of the drivers at the entrance of the tunnel, and it is easy to induce "black hole effect". It is easy to cause visual obstacles, and it is difficult to discern the traffic information in the tunnel. Rear-end accidents are common. Generally, the improvement measures are to strengthen the lighting and ease the illumination transition at the entrance of the highway tunnel, but the investment in this way is high in operating cost and difficult to be accepted by the tunnel operation management department. In this paper, the illumination transition experiment is carried out based on the tunnel entrance microscale model scene, the visual psychological experiment is carried out by using E-prime2.0 platform, and the visual adaptation characteristics of the driver in the tunnel entrance section are analyzed with the pupil area change as the index. The experimental results show that the 1: 20 (1: 20) model can effectively simulate the pupil illumination transition in the process of entering the tunnel from outside the tunnel. The light shading effect of tunnel entrance facilities from good to bad is: 30 掳reverse bamboo > 45 掳reverse bamboo > 60 掳reverse cut bamboo > 30 掳straight cut bamboo > 45 掳straight cut bamboo > 60 掳straight cut bamboo > grid type > end wall type.) the longer structure facilities are more helpful to the process of approaching the tunnel entrance. To achieve a smoother illumination transition early in the year, In the process of entering the tunnel, the excessive transition rate of illumination easily increases the visual load of the driver and intensifies the psychological tension, resulting in visual concussion, that is, the "black hole effect" of vision. According to the result of visual psychological experiment, the magnitude of velocity illusion and collision time illusion is related to the length of shading under the same shading position. That is, the longer the shading facility, the lower the amount of illusion; under the same shading length, The reduction of optical illusion by the anti-cutting bamboo in the sky is more serious than that by the right-cutting bamboo on both sides of the blocking road.) the reconstructed visual reference frame can provide the driver with strong visual information. The visual reference frame with multi-channel frequency combination can provide a basis for the driver to judge the speed effectively, but the effect on the illusion of collision time is not significant. According to the shape of "black hole" in physics, a 30-50m long loudspeaker structure shading design of the approaching section of tunnel entrance is proposed to ease the illumination transition of the tunnel approach section and prolong the dark adaptation time of the driver. At the same time, using the principle of driver's velocity perception based on the overall optical flow rate, a certain density, size and frequency are arranged in the entrance wall of the tunnel (such as contour mark, to enhance the driver's sense of speed, direction, distance, etc. The speed control can effectively alleviate the "black hole effect" at the entrance of the tunnel and ensure the traffic safety at the entrance of the tunnel.
【学位授予单位】：武汉理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：U491.25

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