重型立式车铣复合加工中心几何误差检测方法研究

发布时间：2018-01-12 16:11

本文关键词：重型立式车铣复合加工中心几何误差检测方法研究　出处：《哈尔滨工业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：重型数控机床广泛应用于国防、载人航天、探月工程、船舶、冶金、军事工业等重点领域,其精度的高低直接反映了一个国家制造业水平的高低。重型立式车铣复合加工中心具有开放式结构,适合大型零部件高精度平面和孔的加工,但是由于结构尺寸大,进行几何误差检测时需要测量的点数多,测量时间长,温度变化大,会引起很大的测量误差。目前没有一种能够快速、准确检测其几何误差的方法。针对重型立式车铣复合加工中心的几何误差检测方法进行研究有着重要的现实意义和研究价值。由于重型机床结构尺寸大,基于小角度假设建立误差模型的合理性有待深入研究和验证,因此首先验证了小角度假设在重型机床几何误差建模中的适用性,定量地分析了角度误差大小和机床运动空间对几何误差模型精度的影响。基于小角度假设条件对直线轴和旋转轴几何误差进行建模;利用低序体阵列描述重型立式车铣复合加工中心拓扑关系,运用多体系统理论建立了重型立式车铣复合加工中心误差模型。利用Monte Carlo法分析了基于激光跟踪仪的单站法、多边法、顺次多边法在重型立式车铣复合加工中心坐标检测中的不确定度。通过对比以上方法以及顺次多边法不同站位数目的测量不确定度,确定了适用于重型立式车铣复合加工中心的坐标检测方法。建立了基于激光跟踪仪顺次多边法的数学模型,在理论上对顺次多边法的站位布局进行优化。应用计算机仿真技术对顺次多边法的站位布局进行了验证。基于激光跟踪仪4站位的顺次多边法对直线轴和旋转轴空间误差检测原理进行了研究。结合几何误差模型研究了直线轴和旋转轴的几何误差检测原理,并对机床垂直度误差的检测原理进行了分析。针对本文所提出的基于激光跟踪仪4站顺次多边法的重型立式车铣复合加工中心几何误差检测方法,设计了验证实验。用该方法对重型立式车铣复合加工中心的几何误差进行了检测。同时用激光干涉仪对单项误差进行了直接检测,与上述测量方法检测出的误差进行了比对。结果表明,该方法能够在4h内完成重型立式车铣复合加工中心21项几何误差的检测,同时测量结果与激光干涉仪直接检测的结果相近。实验验证了基于激光跟踪仪4站顺次多边法的快速、准确性。
[Abstract]:Heavy numerical control machine tools are widely used in national defense, manned spaceflight, lunar exploration, ship, metallurgy, military industry and other key areas. Its precision directly reflects the level of manufacturing industry in a country. The heavy vertical turn-milling composite machining center has an open structure, which is suitable for high-precision plane and hole machining of large parts. However, due to the large size of the structure, the number of points needed to be measured for geometric error detection, the measurement time is long, and the temperature changes greatly, it will cause a very large measurement error. At present, none of them can be rapid. It has important practical significance and research value to study the geometric error detection method of heavy duty vertical turn-milling compound machining center because of the large structure size of heavy duty machine tool. The rationality of establishing error model based on small angle hypothesis needs to be further studied and verified, so the applicability of small angle hypothesis in geometric error modeling of heavy-duty machine tools is first verified. The influence of angle error and movement space of machine tool on the precision of geometric error model is analyzed quantitatively. The geometric error of linear axis and rotation axis is modeled based on the assumption of small angle. The topological relationship of heavy duty vertical turn-milling machining center is described by low sequence array. The error model of heavy duty vertical turn-milling compound machining center is established by using multi-body system theory, and the single-station method and multilateral method based on laser tracker are analyzed by Monte Carlo method. The uncertainty of sequential multilateral method in the coordinate detection of heavy duty turn-milling complex machining center. By comparing the above method and the number of different stations of the successive multilateral method measurement uncertainty. The coordinate detection method suitable for heavy duty vertical turn-milling compound machining center is determined, and the mathematical model based on the sequential multilateral method of laser tracker is established. In theory, the position layout of the sequential multilateral method is optimized. The position layout of the sequential multilateral method is verified by computer simulation technology. The linear axis and the rotation axis are obtained by the sequential multilateral method based on the 4-station position of laser tracker. The principle of spatial error detection is studied, and the geometric error detection principle of linear axis and rotation axis is studied in combination with geometric error model. The measuring principle of machine tool verticality error is analyzed, and the geometric error detection method of heavy duty vertical turn-milling compound machining center based on 4 station sequential multilateral method of laser tracker is presented in this paper. The verification experiment is designed. The geometric error of the heavy duty turn-milling compound machining center is detected by this method, and the single error is directly detected by the laser interferometer. The results show that the method can detect 21 geometric errors of heavy duty vertical turn-milling compound machining center within 4 hours. The measured results are similar to those of the laser interferometer. The experimental results show that the method based on the laser tracker is fast and accurate.
【学位授予单位】：哈尔滨工业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：TG659

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