Yr10、Yr18和Yr36基因在小麦抗条锈病改良中的应用

发布时间：2018-09-01 15:34

【摘要】：小麦条锈病是由条形柄锈菌(Puccinia striiformis Westend.f.sp.tritici,Pst)引起的一种重要真菌病害,严重威胁小麦产量和品质。在一般流行年份会导致小麦减产20%-30%,严重流行年份可造成减产50%-60%。传统杀菌剂防治虽然有效,但长期使用不仅会引起环境污染,还会造成小麦条锈菌的耐药性或抗药性。使用抗病品种是控制小麦条锈病最为经济、安全、有效且环保的措施,选育携带有效抗条锈病基因的小麦品种,在全国小麦栽培区合理布局,可以有效控制小麦条锈病的爆发。本研究通过分子标记辅助选择和传统育种技术,将抗条锈病基因Yr10、Yr18和Yr36转育并聚合到黄淮麦区的17个小麦主栽品种,获得了优异的抗病种质资源,提高了小麦的抗条锈病水平。本研究的主要结果如下:1.BC_3F_1世代,山东泰安田间的发病条件良好,部分轮回亲本表现高感条锈病,相应的BC_3F_1植株则呈现明显的抗病和感病分离现象。利用基因或连锁标记,从BC_3F_1植株中检测出携带小麦抗条锈病基因Yr10、Yr18或Yr36位点的阳性单株。本世代,选择背景来源一致的姊妹系植株各3株,即相同回交世代的阳性植株(携带目标抗病基因)和阴性植株(不携带目标抗病基因),分别测量了它们的千粒重。研究发现,小麦抗条锈病基因Yr10、Yr18或Yr36明显提高阳性姊妹系的抗条锈病水平,感病回交亲本组合的后代尤为显著;单基因抗病位点的使用有效地降低了千粒重的损失。2.BC3F2和BC_4F_2世代,部分回交株系被种植到四川成都-小麦条锈病高发区。根据自然发病情况,有14对近等基因株系表现显著差异,带有抗条锈病基因Yr10、Yr18或Yr36位点的株行呈现明显的抗病和感病分离,而不携带以上抗锈病基因的株行全部感病。3.在BC_3F_1世代,植株形态与轮回亲本基本相似,可用于抗病基因的聚合。在具有共同轮回亲本的植株后代中,通过特异标记鉴别出分别携带Yr10、Yr18或Yr36基因的植株,从而开展抗病基因之间的两两聚合。2015年,我们获得了3份Yr10/Yr18聚合材料(BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1),2份Yr18/Yr36聚合材料(BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1)和11份Yr10/Yr36聚合材料(BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1),共计16份双抗病基因聚合材料。通过“单基因配双基因(即1+2)”或“双基因配双基因(即2+2)”组配模式,我们在2015年开展了Yr10、Yr18和Yr36三基因的聚合工作,并于2016年获得了‘济南17’、‘济麦19’、‘济麦20’、‘济麦22’、‘泰农18’、‘周麦16’、‘豫麦49-198’和‘烟农19’等8个轮回背景携带三个抗病基因的后代(BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1//BC4F1或BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1//BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1),共计30个株系。本研究将Yr10、Yr18或Yr36基因转育到黄淮麦区的主栽小麦品种,明显地改善了植株抗条锈病水平,有效降低了千粒重的损失,并将农艺性状优良的抗条锈病植株应用于黄淮麦区和四川麦区的小麦抗条锈病育种。
[Abstract]:Wheat stripe rust is an important fungal disease caused by stripe stem rust (Puccinia striiformis Westend.f.sp.tritici,Pst), which seriously threatens wheat yield and quality. In the general epidemic year, the wheat yield will be reduced by 20 to 30 percent, and in the severe epidemic year the wheat yield will be reduced by 50 to 60 percent. Although traditional fungicides are effective, long-term use will not only cause environmental pollution, but also lead to resistance or resistance of wheat stripe rust. The use of disease-resistant varieties is the most economical, safe, effective and environmentally friendly measure to control wheat stripe rust. Breeding wheat varieties carrying effective genes of resistance to stripe rust can effectively control the outbreak of wheat stripe rust. Through molecular marker-assisted selection and traditional breeding techniques, the stripe rust resistant genes Yr10,Yr18 and Yr36 were transferred to 17 main wheat cultivars in Huang-Huai wheat region. The excellent resistant germplasm resources were obtained and the resistance level of stripe rust was improved. The main results of this study were as follows: 1. In the first generation, the incidence conditions in Taian County, Shandong Province, were good. Some recurrent parents showed high susceptibility to stripe rust, and the corresponding BC_3F_1 plants showed obvious disease resistance and isolation. Using gene or linkage markers, the positive single plant carrying Yr10,Yr18 or Yr36 loci of wheat stripe rust resistance gene was detected from BC_3F_1 plants. In this generation, three sister lines with the same background, that is, positive plants with the same backcross generation (carrying target disease resistance genes) and negative plants (without target disease resistance genes) were selected to measure their 1000-grain weight. The results showed that wheat stripe rust resistance gene Yr10,Yr18 or Yr36 increased stripe rust resistance level of the positive sister lines, especially in the progeny of susceptible backcross parents, and the use of single gene resistance sites effectively reduced the loss of 1000-grain weight. 2. BC3F2 and BC_4F_2 generations. Some backcross lines were planted in Chengdu-wheat stripe rust area. According to the natural disease situation, 14 pairs of near-isogenic lines showed significant differences. The lines with Yr10,Yr18 or Yr36 loci of stripe rust resistance gene showed obvious resistance and susceptibility isolation, while the plants without the above rust resistance genes were all susceptible to the disease. In BC_3F_1 generation, plant morphology is similar to that of recurrent parents, which can be used for the aggregation of disease resistance genes. In the progeny of plants with a common recurrent parent, plants with Yr10,Yr18 or Yr36 genes were identified by specific markers, which led to pairwise aggregation of disease resistance genes. Three Yr10/Yr18 polymeric materials (BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1), two Yr18/Yr36 polymeric materials (BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1) and 11 Yr10/Yr36 polymeric materials (BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1) were obtained. Through the "single gene matching double gene" or "double gene matching double gene (22)" matching model, we carried out the work of Yr10,Yr18 and Yr36 three genes in 2015, and got 'Jinan 17' Jimai 19 in 2016. Zhoumai 16- 'Yumai 49-198' and' Yannong 19' carried three disease-resistant genes (BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1//BC4F1 or BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1//BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1) in 8 progenies (BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1//BC4F1 or BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1//BC_3F_1/BC_3F_1). In this study, the Yr10,Yr18 or Yr36 gene was transferred to the main wheat varieties in Huang-Huai wheat area, and the resistance to stripe rust was obviously improved, and the loss of 1000-grain weight was effectively reduced. The stripe rust resistant plants with excellent agronomic characters were applied to wheat stripe rust resistance breeding in Huang-Huai and Sichuan wheat regions.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S435.121.42

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