齐齐哈尔管理局主要农业灾害调研及减灾建议

发布时间：2018-01-27 01:43

本文关键词： 齐齐哈尔管理局农业灾害保险　出处：《黑龙江八一农垦大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：农业灾害对齐齐哈尔管理局农业生产造成了严重的影响，如何减灾对齐齐哈尔管理局农业可持续发展的重要意义。本文采取问卷调查法、经验总结法及分析总结的方法，对齐齐哈尔管理局近10年的农业灾害进行调查并提出减灾措施。调查结果如下： 1、农业灾害类型主要有：春旱灾害、夏涝灾害、冰雹灾害、生物灾害。 2、农业灾害成因分析。干旱：一是受地理环境和气候影响，二是降水量逐年减少，三是年度蒸发量过大。洪涝：（1）暴雨次数出现增多。（2）高水位持续时间长。（3）防洪工程标准低。（4）内涝排水能力不足。（5）整体联防能力不强。病虫害：一是受异常气候和农业生态环境变化的影响。二是化学农药的频繁施用。三是过分依赖单纯的化学防治，造成综合防治技术发展不平衡。四是防治基础设施薄弱，，技术队伍不稳定。 3、农业灾害发生趋势特点干旱呈逐步加重的趋势，洪涝灾害发生在6月下旬到8月下旬，玉米、大豆病虫害总体有加重的趋势，水稻病虫害有逐年减轻的趋势；马铃薯病害中等至中等偏重发生趋势。 4、齐齐哈尔管理局农业防灾减灾体系构建通过4个坚持原则，组建组织机构及规范运行保障体系，构建农业防灾减灾体系的基本框架。 5、农业防灾减灾的政策和技术措施保障（1）加强农业基础设施建设，搞好水利，推进机械化带动土地规模经营；构建良好的农业生态环境；（2）提高全局人民对生态建设和环境保护的认识，把生态建设和环境保护做为实施可持续发展战略的重要内容纳入议事日程。（3）调整优化农业经济结构。抓好高产作物提质；抓好特色作物增收；抓好国家安全食品生产基地建设。（4）研究推广避灾减灾工程技术，开展黑土区水土流失综合防治，旱田节水灌溉技术，完善防洪除涝工程，病虫害综合防治技术工作。（5）加快完善农业灾害保险制度。加大财政补贴力度，进一步完善财政支持政策，强化制度支撑，出台细化规章制度，建立保护机制，优化经营环境。（6）健全农业灾害指挥应急系统。
[Abstract]:Agricultural disasters have had serious effects on the agricultural production of Qiqihar Authority . How to reduce the important meaning of agricultural sustainable development of Qiqihar Authority is how to reduce the harm to Qiqihar ' s agricultural sustainable development . In this paper , a survey of agricultural disasters in the last 10 years of Qiqihar Administration is carried out and disaster reduction measures are put forward . The results are as follows : 1 . The main types of agricultural disasters are spring drought disaster , flood disaster , hail disaster and biological disaster . 2 . Analysis of the causes of agricultural disasters . Drought : one is affected by the geographic environment and climate , the second is the annual decrease of precipitation , the third is the annual evaporation capacity . ( 2 ) The high water level duration is long . ( 3 ) The flood control project has low standard . 3 . Characteristics of Occurrence Trend of Agricultural Disaster In late June to late August , there was an increasing trend of the disease and insect pests of corn and soybean , and the disease and insect pests of rice were gradually decreased year by year . 4 . Construction of the Agricultural Disaster Prevention and Mitigation System of Qiqihar Administration The basic framework of the agricultural disaster prevention and reduction system is established through the establishment of the organizational structure and the normative operation guarantee system . 5 . Policy and technical measures for agricultural disaster prevention and mitigation ( 1 ) To strengthen the construction of agricultural infrastructure , to do well in water conservancy , to promote the mechanization of land - scale operation ; to construct a good agricultural ecological environment ; ( 2 ) To raise the awareness of the global people on ecological construction and environmental protection , and integrate ecological construction and environmental protection into the agenda for the implementation of sustainable development strategies . ( 3 ) adjusting the structure of the optimized agricultural economy , grasping the quality of the high - yield crops , catching the special crops to increase and collecting , and grasping the construction of the national safe food production base . ( 4 ) To study and promote the technology of disaster prevention and mitigation , to carry out comprehensive prevention and control of soil and soil erosion in the black soil area , to improve the water - saving irrigation technology in the dry land , to improve the comprehensive prevention and control technology of flood control and flood control . ( 5 ) To accelerate the improvement of the agricultural disaster insurance system , strengthen the financial subsidy , further improve the financial support policy , strengthen the system support , introduce the refinement rules and regulations , establish the protection mechanism and optimize the operating environment . ( 6 ) Sound agricultural disaster command and emergency system .

【学位授予单位】：黑龙江八一农垦大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S42

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