新型肥料在黑土上的施用效果及环境效应研究

发布时间：2018-02-01 05:24

本文关键词： 玉米一次性施肥新型肥料氨挥发肥料释放　出处：《吉林农业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：东北地区是我国重要的玉米主产区,该区域土壤类型主要为黑土。近年来,为降低种植成本和劳动力付出,农民逐渐减少采用传统的玉米分次施肥模式,而更倾向于进行一次性施肥,因此缓控释肥、稳定性肥料等新型肥料的运用逐渐增加。但是不同类型新型肥料在黑土春玉米上的一次性施用效果及氨挥发、N2O排放情况还尚不明确。因此,本研究在前人基础上,采用大田试验对几种新型肥料在黑土上的增产效果及氨挥发特性进行研究,并利用N2O估算模型对各新型肥料的N2O排放损失进行评估,以期为东北黑土地区春玉米的合理施氮提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下:1、施氮处理间春玉米的产量无明显差异,且明显高于不施氮(N0)处理。各施氮处理产量介于13002~14140 kg/hm2之间。与常规施肥(Con)相比,硅酸盐包膜肥料增产显著,增产幅度为5.06%,其余肥料达到平产水平。氮素吸收利用方面,与常规施肥(Con)相比,植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)和硅酸盐包膜肥料(SCF)可以促进植株对氮素的吸收利用,提高氮肥表观利用率1.5~14个百分点。2、高塔造粒(HT)、稳定性肥料(SF)、植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、脲甲醛(UF)、硅酸盐包膜肥料(SCF)和肥包肥(MF)均能不同程度地抑制土壤氨挥发。与常规施肥(Con)相比,7种新型肥料可以降低氨挥发损失率45.1%~58.6%,土壤氨挥发损失量明显减少9.48~12.31 kg N/hm2,而不同肥料处理之间氨挥发损失率以及土壤氨挥发损失量的差异不明显。3、高塔造粒(HT)、掺混肥料(BB)N2O排放量较高,为氮肥施用量的0.67%~0.68%,其余施肥处理间N2O排放量差异不显著,为氮肥施用量的0.65%。4、与常规施肥(Con)相比,植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、硅酸盐包膜肥料(SCF)、脲甲醛(UF)、稳定性肥料(SF)和肥包肥(MF)可有效减少氮肥表观损失7.8~56.3 kg/hm2,有效降低氮素表观损失率3.5%~25.1%。同时在保证土壤氮素供应前提下,降低无机氮累积量,有效维持玉米生育期间土壤无机氮含量不超过环境可接受范围。5、植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、硅酸盐包膜肥料(SCF)和肥包肥(MF)的释放期长,在28天,其释放速率均低于80%。肥料中养分释放的差异是导致产量、氨挥发以及氮素平衡指标差异的原因。综上所述,东北黑土地区一次性施肥模式可以推广使用植物油包膜肥料(CRF)、脲甲醛(UF)、硫包衣尿素(SCU)、硅酸盐包膜肥料(SCF)和肥包肥(MF)等新型肥料,该新型肥料不仅降低了土壤氨挥发气态损失量,有效抑制土壤硝化作用,同时提高植株对氮素的吸收利用。
[Abstract]:In recent years, in order to reduce the planting cost and labor force, farmers have gradually reduced the use of the traditional maize sub-fertilization model. Therefore, the use of slow controlled release fertilizer, stable fertilizer and other new fertilizers gradually increased, but different types of new fertilizers in the black soil spring maize one-off application effect and ammonia volatilization. N2O emission is still unclear. Therefore, based on the previous studies, field experiments were used to study the yield increasing effect and ammonia volatilization characteristics of several new fertilizers on black soil. The N2O emission loss of each new fertilizer was evaluated by using N2O estimation model in order to provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of nitrogen to spring maize in the black soil region of Northeast China. The main results are as follows: 1. There was no significant difference in the yield of spring maize between the treatments of nitrogen application. The yield of each nitrogen application treatment was between 13002U and 14140 kg/hm2. Compared with conventional fertilization, silicate coated fertilizer increased significantly. The yield increased by 5.06%, and the other fertilizers reached the level of average yield. Compared with the conventional fertilizer ConCon, the plant oil coated fertilizer (CRF) was used in the absorption and utilization of nitrogen. Sulfur coated urea (SCU) and silicate coated fertilizer (SCF) could promote the absorption and utilization of nitrogen, and increase the apparent utilization ratio of nitrogen fertilizer by 1.5 ~ 14 percentage points. Stable fertilizer (SFU), vegetable oil coated fertilizer (CRF), sulfur coated urea (SCUU), UF (UF). Both silicate coated fertilizer (SCF) and fertilizer coated fertilizer (MFF) could inhibit ammonia volatilization in soil to some extent. Seven new fertilizers can reduce ammonia volatilization loss rate of 45.1% and 58.6%, and soil ammonia volatilization loss can be significantly reduced by 9.48 ~ 12.31 kg / hm ~ (2) N / hm ~ (2). However, there was no significant difference in ammonia volatilization loss rate and soil ammonia volatilization loss rate between different fertilizer treatments. The difference of N2O emission between the other fertilization treatments was not significant, which was 0.65.4 of the nitrogen fertilizer application rate, compared with the conventional fertilization Con. Plant oil coated fertilizer (CRFN), sulfur coated urea (SCUU), silicate coated fertilizer (SCFU), urea formaldehyde (UFF). The apparent loss of nitrogen fertilizer was effectively reduced by SFF and MF). The apparent loss of nitrogen fertilizer was 7.8g / 56.3 kg/hm2. The apparent loss rate of nitrogen was effectively reduced by 3.5% and 25.1.The accumulation of inorganic nitrogen was reduced under the premise of ensuring the supply of soil nitrogen. The content of inorganic nitrogen in soil can not exceed the environmental acceptable range of 0.05 during the growing period of maize, the plant oil coated fertilizer CRFN, sulfur coated urea scu). The release period of silicate coated fertilizer (SCF) and fertilizer coated fertilizer (MFF) was longer, and the release rate was lower than 80% at 28 days. The difference of nutrient release in fertilizer resulted in yield. The reasons for the difference of ammonia volatilization and nitrogen balance index. To sum up, the one-off fertilization model in the black soil area of Northeast China can be used to popularize the use of vegetable oil coated fertilizer CRF, UF (UF). Sulfur coated urea, silicate coated fertilizer (SCF) and fertilizer coated fertilizer (MFF) are new fertilizers. This new fertilizer not only reduces the amount of ammonia volatilization gas loss in soil, but also effectively inhibits soil nitrification. At the same time, the absorption and utilization of nitrogen were improved.
【学位授予单位】：吉林农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S147.5;S513

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