黑龙江省有机种植现状与效益评估

发布时间：2018-02-07 12:38

本文关键词： 有机农业经济效益生态环境效益对策分析　出处：《东北农业大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：截至2013年底,我国共获认证的有机生产面积272.2万公顷,我国有机农业已呈现全面、有序的发展景象。有研究表明有机农业对生态环境有显著的促进作用,目前我国对有机食品的需求迅速增大,黑龙江省的有机农业种植面积和总量在全国排在前列,但在国有机农业发展对环境效益和发展演变研究方面欠缺。因此,本文发展有机农业较好的黑龙江省为例,重点对有机农业经济效益和生态环境效益进行定量化评估。黑龙江省2006到2014年有机农业生产企业有机认证证书情况,从中国国家认证认可监督管理委员会官方网站获取,分析黑龙江省有机种植现状,结果显示:黑龙江从事有机农业生产的有机种植企业和有机加工企业比例较大,分别为64.7%和21.1%,而有机畜禽类企业比例较小,仅占1.35%,说明黑龙江省有机农业的建设发展没有建立在种养循环基础上,种养脱节限制了有机农业发展的健康发展。同时从事有机产业的企业存在快进快出的现象,不符合标准、技术不到位或资金无法支持的企业被迫或自动退出,分类波动很大。综上总结归纳有机农业发展过程中缺乏整体谋划和政府支持、监管,技术水平过低,生产基地产品少、规模小,从事有机农业企业脱离种养循环模式以及对有机农业污染状况监测不清等问题。对大豆、水稻、玉米等主要大宗农产品有机种植基地以及邻近相似条件的常规种植基地常规和有机农业种植的成本情况进行定点普查、面上调查为基础,对有机农业的经济效益进行定量化评估。结果显示:在经济效益方面,有机农业较常规农业的成本主要增加了病虫害防治、有机肥料等的物质成本,还有明显增加的劳动成本以及认证成本。但采用合适的生产技术、降低成本、提高产量是有机农业种植获得更高经济效益的空间很大。在生态环境效益方面,对大豆、玉米等有机种植基地以及邻近相似条件的常规种植基地进行定点试验和面上调查结果,采用专家打分法和投影寻踪的方法定量评估有机农业生态环境效益。其中,专家打分法运用层次分析法根据农业生态方面的多位专家对有机农业生态环境效益评价指标体系打分的结果,确定评价体系中各层次及各个指标的权重,实现对有机农业生态环境效益定量化的模糊综合评价。其次,投影寻踪法以面上调查与田间试验数据为基础,分别得出不同种植方式以及不同作物品种在生物多样性、面源污染、土壤环境质量以及生态环境效益四个方面的综合投影值,结果显示在面源污染方面有机农业表现显著劣于常规农业,但在生物多样性、土壤环境质量以及生态环境效益的综合表现上显著优于常规农业。初步实现了定量化评估有机农业生态环境效益,为说明有机农业与常规农业相比更能实现农业与环境可持续平衡发展提供依据。
[Abstract]:As of end of 2013, the certified organic production area in China was two million seven hundred and twenty-two thousand hectares. Organic agriculture in China has presented a comprehensive and orderly development scene. Some studies have shown that organic agriculture has a significant role in promoting the ecological environment. At present, the demand for organic food in our country is increasing rapidly, and the planting area and total amount of organic agriculture in Heilongjiang Province are in the forefront of the whole country, but the research on the environmental benefit and development evolution of organic agriculture development in China is deficient. This paper focuses on the quantitative evaluation of the economic benefits and ecological environmental benefits of organic agriculture in Heilongjiang Province, which is a good example of organic agriculture. From 2006 to 2014, the organic certification certificate of organic agricultural production enterprises in Heilongjiang Province is introduced. Obtained from the official website of the State Certification and Accreditation Regulatory Commission of China, the present situation of organic cultivation in Heilongjiang Province is analyzed. The results show that the proportion of organic planting enterprises and organic processing enterprises in Heilongjiang is relatively large. The proportion of organic livestock and poultry enterprises was small (1.35%), which indicated that the construction and development of organic agriculture in Heilongjiang Province was not based on breeding cycle. At the same time, enterprises engaged in organic industries have fast entry and exit phenomena, which do not meet the standards, do not have the technology in place or cannot be supported by funds, and are forced or automatically withdrawn. The overall summary summarizes the lack of overall planning and government support in the development of organic agriculture, supervision, low technological level, small production base products, and small scale. Those engaged in organic agricultural enterprises are engaged in problems such as getting rid of the growing and raising cycle model and not clearly monitoring the pollution status of organic agriculture. For soybeans and rice, The cost of organic planting bases for major agricultural products, such as maize, and conventional and organic farming bases adjacent to similar conditions were surveyed on the basis of field surveys. The quantitative evaluation of the economic benefit of organic agriculture shows that the cost of organic agriculture increases the cost of diseases and insect pests, organic fertilizer and so on, in the aspect of economic benefit, the cost of organic agriculture is higher than that of conventional agriculture. There is also a significant increase in labor costs and certification costs. But there is a lot of room for organic farming to achieve higher economic benefits by adopting appropriate production technologies, reducing costs and increasing yields. The organic planting bases, such as maize, and conventional planting bases with similar conditions were tested and investigated on the surface. The ecological and environmental benefits of organic agriculture were evaluated quantitatively by means of expert scoring method and projection pursuit method. The expert scoring method uses the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to determine the weight of each level and each index in the evaluation system according to the results of the evaluation index system of the ecological environmental benefit of organic agriculture by many experts in the agricultural ecology. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the ecological and environmental benefits of organic agriculture was realized. Secondly, the projection pursuit method was based on the surface investigation and field experiment data to obtain different planting patterns and biodiversity of different crop varieties. The integrated projection values of non-point source pollution, soil environmental quality and ecological environmental benefit show that organic agriculture is worse than conventional agriculture in non-point source pollution, but in biodiversity. The comprehensive performance of soil environmental quality and ecological environmental benefit is significantly better than that of conventional agriculture. It provides a basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and environment in comparison with conventional agriculture.
【学位授予单位】：东北农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F326.1;S181

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