自然通风温室滴灌下试验研究土壤水分分布、肥料和作物生长

发布时间：2018-03-28 16:27

  本文选题：自然　切入点：通风　出处：《扬州大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：作者于2012年8月至11月、2013年3月至7月、2013年9月至11月在扬州大学某温室大棚耕作系统中分别对玉米、番茄和黄瓜进行研究。本研究目的包括：1)在受试作物处于温室自然通风条件下,研究不同滴灌水量对植物生长、产量和品质的影响；2)研究确定这三种受试作物适宜的滴灌水量、玉米最适宜的氮肥施用量以及根部的水分运动情况；3)估计灌溉水分生产率并确定受试作物的滴灌制度。温室大棚为半圆形，底部为6m×30m的矩形,覆盖有白色聚乙烯薄膜,采用南北向布置。温室大棚的土壤为砂壤土,pH值为7.1。利用FAO-56推荐的彭曼-蒙蒂斯公式计算作物腾发量(ETc)。玉米的试验设计采用完全随机设计，包含灌溉和施肥两个因素。灌溉制度分为四种水平：I1=1.25 ETc, I2=1.00ETc, I3=0.75 ETC和I4=0.50ETc。施肥制度分为三种标准(相对于推荐的氮肥施用量)：F1=1.25,F2=1.00和F3=0.75。对于番茄和黄瓜,安排了两组不同的试验，分别作为随机分组试验设计和完全随机分组试验设计。每组试验包含五种灌溉制度,每钟灌溉制度有三个重复组。针对番茄和黄瓜的五种灌溉制度分别对应作物腾发量的150%、125%、100%、75%和50%。研究结果表明，不同的灌溉和施肥制度会对作物的生长、产量和品质产生显著影响。对于玉米的研究表明,0.5ETc的非充分灌溉条件下,将获得26.8t/ha的最高产量和0.209tha-1mm-1的最大灌溉水分生产率。非充分灌溉在控制灌溉的条件下产量提高了11.7%,在过量灌溉的条件下(1.25ETc)产量提高了8.1%,同时还获得了16.6cm的更高穗长。125%的最高施氮量获得26.2t/ha的最高产量,水分含量为最高值57.2%,100个种子干重中水分含量为20.4g。在控制施肥条件下，，最高氮含量获得了11%的产量提升。番茄试验的结果显示,在Ⅰ100的水分状况下获得了78.6tha-1的可销售产量，此时灌溉水分生产率为0.479tha-1mm-1,同时植株高度和叶绿素含量更高,分别为125.5cm和56.4spado关于Ⅰ75水分状况下的作物产量发现了相似的结果。100%ETc增加了13.6%的可销售产量,高于75%ETc。在总可溶物(TSS)和果形指数(FSI)方面Ⅰ75和Ⅰ100并无大的差别。对于黄瓜,T100水分条件下(100%ETc)获得了37.8t/ha的最高产量,T50水分条件下获得了27.2t/ha的最低产量。对不同的灌溉标准,T100水分条件下得到了最高产量,分别比T50,T75,T150和T125的产量高了39%、27.7%、3.9%和1.3%。关于作物的生长参数和品质,T100获得了叶面积指数、叶绿素、果实数量、果实长度、果实重量的最大值。在T50(50%ETc)的水分条件下,灌溉水分生产率最大,为0.340tha-1mm-1。在T150(150%ETc)的水分条件下,灌溉水分生产率最低,为0.152tha-1mm-1。基于本研究,得出以下结论：125%(F1)施肥率是得到最高玉米产量的最佳施肥条件,并提高了生产质量。在滴灌条件下,对玉米的0.5ETc的非充分灌溉,以及对番茄和黄瓜的1.00ETc灌溉是得到最高产量和提高生产质量的最佳灌溉水量。
[Abstract]:From August to November 2012, from March to July 2013, from September to November 2013, the authors analyzed maize in a greenhouse greenhouse tillage system of Yangzhou University. The purpose of this study was to study the effects of drip irrigation water on plant growth, yield and quality under natural ventilation in greenhouse. Estimating irrigation water productivity and determining drip irrigation system of tested crops. Greenhouse greenhouse is semicircular with a rectangle of 6m 脳 30m at the bottom and covered with white polyethylene film. The soil of greenhouse is sandy loam, pH value is 7.1. The crop evapotranspiration is calculated by Penman Monti formula recommended by FAO-56. The experiment design of maize is completely random design. The irrigation system was divided into four levels: 1. 1% ETC, 1. 00 ETc, 0. 75 ETC and 0. 50 ETC. The fertilization system was divided into three criteria (compared with the recommended nitrogen fertilizer: 1. 25% F1. 1. 1. 00 and F30. 75. For tomato and cucumber, two groups of experiments were arranged. As a randomized grouping trial design and a complete randomized grouping trial design respectively. Each group of trials consists of five irrigation systems, There are three duplicate groups per hour. Five irrigation systems for tomatoes and cucumbers correspond to 150% and 50% of crop evapotranspiration, respectively. The results show that different irrigation and fertilization systems can grow crops. Yield and quality have a significant effect. Studies on maize show that under the condition of inadequate irrigation with 0.5 ETC, The maximum yield of 26.8t/ha and the maximum irrigation water productivity of 0.209tha-1mm-1 will be obtained. Under controlled irrigation condition, the yield of incomplete irrigation will increase by 11.7. under the condition of overirrigation, the yield will be increased by 8.1%, and the higher panicle length of 16.6cm will also be obtained. The highest yield of 26.2t/ha was obtained at the highest nitrogen application rate of 125%. The maximum water content was 57.2 and the dry weight of 100 seeds was 20.4g. under the condition of controlled fertilization, the highest nitrogen content increased by 11%. The results of tomato experiment showed that the marketable yield of 78.6tha-1 was obtained under the water condition of 鈪

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