不同土种土壤养分与重金属空间变异及其施肥策略研究

发布时间：2018-04-09 18:41

本文选题：土种　切入点：土壤养分　出处：《扬州大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：为了探求农田尺度的土壤主要养分与重金属空间变异规律,利于深化作物因土精确施肥技术研究,本文以姜堰区两个分别代表腰黑沙土(位于张甸镇三野村)与腰黑勤泥土(位于沈高镇官庄村)的连片规模种植区作为研究对象,以2004年开展的同类试验作为参照,运用经典统计学、地统计学与GIS空间插值等方法,于2013、2014年开展不同土种农田尺度耕作层(0-20cm)土壤定位采样,测定其有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、pH与总镉、总铬、总铜、总铅、总锌指标含量,并进行不同土种土壤剖面分析与肥田生物蚯蚓的形态和数量等观察记录,展开了GIS地理制图、土壤养分等级评价与土壤重金属安全性评价等,进而提出因土种精确施肥与土壤治理等策略。主要结果如下：(1)腰黑勤泥土区土壤养分含量明显高于腰黑沙土区。其有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量分别是腰黑沙土的1.75、1.67、1.40、1.67、3.71倍,而pH值两者较为接近。由两种土种不同土壤养分等值线空间分布图可知,腰黑沙土区土壤养分含量与pH关系密切,其有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量在酸碱度6.3-7.5的区域明显高于酸碱度7.5的区域；腰黑勤泥土区地力分布不均,有明显的高地力区和低地力区,地力水平呈西南方向向东北方向递增态势。根据土壤养分等级评价标准,腰黑沙土区有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾分别为缺、一般、一般、一般、极缺,而腰黑勤泥土分别为极丰富、丰富、丰富、极丰富、丰富。(2)腰黑勤泥土区总镉、总铬、总铜、总铅、总锌含量分别是腰黑沙土区的1.49、1.54、1.80、1.77、1.26倍。基于由GIS空间插值分析得到的不同土种土壤重金属空间分布图,腰黑沙土区重金属分布存在明显的空间数据势场,即由高值区向四周辐射渐变减小；而腰黑勤泥土区重金属分布各样点相差不太明显。根据《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-2008),超过二级标准的样点属轻度污染以上,超过一级标准的样点属尚清洁,低于一级标准属清洁。腰黑沙土总镉均属轻度污染；总铬、总铜、总铅分别有12.0%、12.0%、10.0%的样点属尚清洁,其余均为清洁；总锌有2.0%的样点属轻度污染、10.0%属尚清洁、88.0%属清洁。腰黑勤泥土总镉均属轻度污染；总铬、总铜、总铅、总锌分别有10.0%、8.0%、8.0%、10.0%的样点属尚清洁,其余均为清洁。(3)根据土壤剖面分析及肥田生物蚯蚓数量调查,发现腰黑沙土土壤耕层与心土层厚度小于腰黑勤泥土。腰黑沙土具有土色偏浅、松软适耕、保水保肥性能弱等特点,在0-20cm深度土体中蚯蚓数量多、个体小、色泽红,蚯蚓总量达29.0万条/hm2,且在20-40cm深度土体中仍有极少量蚯蚓分布。腰黑勤泥土具有土色偏深、土质粘重、透水性弱、表土层略厚、地下水位浅等特点,在0-20cm深度土体中蚯蚓数量相对少、个体大、色泽青,蚯蚓总量达10万条/hm2,而在20-40cm深度土体中无蚯蚓分布。(4)鉴于腰黑沙土区与腰黑勤泥土区土壤养分含量的状况,建议在增施有机肥与推行秸秆还田基础上,腰黑沙土规模种植区大部分农户应重施氮肥、钾肥,增施磷肥,并调节pH至中性或偏酸性,可提升作物生产力;腰黑勤泥土区重在改良土壤结构,增进土壤透水通气性能,应调减氮肥,减施或隔年施用磷肥、钾肥,以实现节肥增效目的。而对于两个规模种植区存在总镉轻度污染的实际,应进行施用土壤修复清洁剂等化学方法或采用植物修复方法等加以有效治理,以提升土壤洁净化水平。
[Abstract]:In order to study the scale of farmland soil nutrient and heavy metal spatial variability, to deepen the crops due to soil Precise Fertilization technology research, this paper takes Jiangyan district two representing the waist of black sandy soil (in the three Zhang Dian Zhen Nomura) and black soil (in the waist Qin Shen Gao Zhen Guan Zhuang Cun) of the contiguous scale planting area as the research object, to similar experiments carried out in 2004 as a reference, using classical statistics, geostatistics and GIS spatial interpolation methods, in the 20132014 years to carry out various types of soil in farmland scale farming layer (0-20cm) soil sampling location, determination of the organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, pH and total cadmium, total chromium, total copper, total lead, total zinc content indicators, and different soil types of soil profile analysis and fertile earthworm morphological and quantitative observation records, launched a GIS geographic mapping, soil nutrient and soil heavy metal safety evaluation Evaluation, then put forward by soil Precise Fertilization and soil governance strategies. The main results are as follows: (1) the soil nutrient content of black waist ground soil was significantly higher than the waist area. The black sandy soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium contents were 1.75,1.67,1.40,1.67,3.71 times the waist of black soil. While the pH value is more close. By two soil species in different soil nutrient isoline map of the spatial distribution of the soil nutrient content and pH black sand area close to the waist, organic matter, total nitrogen, nitrogen content in the alkali pH region of 6.3-7.5 was significantly higher than that of pH 7.5 area; black soil fertility often waist area the uneven distribution has obvious high stress zone and low soil fertility, soil fertility level was increased to the Northeast southwest trend. According to the soil nutrient criteria, organic matter, total nitrogen of black soil region waist, alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium were missing In general, general, general, and lack of black soil, and the waist often were very rich, rich, rich, rich, rich. (2) black waist Qin total cadmium, total chromium in soil area, total copper, total lead, total zinc contents were 1.49,1.54,1.80,1.77,1.26 times of the waist area. Analysis of black sandy soil the different soil types of soil heavy metal spatial distribution by GIS interpolation based on the distribution of heavy metals in black soil area lumbar spatial data of potential field significantly, from the high value area of radiation to the surrounding gradually decreases; and the waist black mud zone of ground distribution of heavy metals are not so obvious. According to soil environmental quality standard "(GB15618-2008) more than two standard samples, the light pollution, like little more than a standard is still clean, below the level of the standard is clean. The waist is mild black sandy soil total cadmium pollution; total chromium, total copper, total lead were 12%, 12%, 10% of the sample is still clear, the rest are Clean; sample total zinc 2% light pollution, 10% is still clean, 88% is clean. The black soil total Cd are frequently waist light pollution; total chromium, total copper, total lead, total zinc were 10%, 8%, 8%, 10% of the sample is still clear, the rest are clean according to the survey. (3) the amount of soil and fertilize the soil profile analysis of earthworm, black soil and sand waist subsoil layer thickness is less than the waist of black soil. Black sand has often waist ashen pale, soft tilth, characteristics of water and fertilizer retention ability is weak, the depth of 0-20cm in soil in the earthworm population, individual small, the color of the red earthworm, reached a total of 290 thousand /hm2, and at 20-40cm depth in the soil there is still very little. Black soil earthworm distribution has an earthy waist ground is deep, clay, permeable weak soil layer, slightly thick, shallow groundwater level and other characteristics, the depth of 0-20cm in soil in the earthworm population is relatively small, individual. The color green, earthworm A total of 100 thousand /hm2, without earthworm distribution in 20-40cm depth soil. (4) in view of the waist and the waist area of black sandy soil ground black soil nutrient content in the soil, in organic fertilizer with straw implementation based on waist black sandy soil planting area of the majority of farmers should scale heavy nitrogen fertilizer, potash fertilizer, increase application of phosphate fertilizer, and pH adjusted to neutral or acidic, can improve crop productivity; black soil area is often the waist soil structure, increase soil porous ventilation performance, should reduce nitrogen fertilizer, less nitrogen or phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, the following year, in order to achieve the purpose of saving fertilizer efficiency. For the actual light pollution total cadmium two the scale of planting area, soil repair should be chemically cleaning agents or using phytoremediation methods to effective governance, to improve the soil clean level.

【学位授予单位】：扬州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S158

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