橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇种间作用的研究

发布时间：2018-04-26 10:35

本文选题：橘小实蝇 + 番石榴实蝇　；参考：《华南农业大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：外来入侵种与具有相似生态位的本地种之间的竞争,是决定外来种能否入侵成功的一个重要因素。历史上发生过多起外来入侵竞争优势种竞争取代本地竞争劣势种的现象。橘小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel和番石榴实蝇Bactrocera correcta Bezzi均是双翅目Diptera实蝇科Tephritidae果实蝇属Bactrocera具经济重要性的实蝇检疫性害虫,前者为我国入侵定殖种,并且目前属于我国头号实蝇类害虫,分布广并且为害严重;后者于上世纪80年代侵入我国大陆,虽然目前在我国仅分布在极少数地区,但也具有较大的危害性和进一步扩散的潜力。两种实蝇生态位明显重叠,种间竞争必将成为它们同域分布时的主要生态学关系,也是番石榴实蝇进一步扩张所面临的重要挑战。因此,本文通过资源利用竞争和行为干涉竞争两类竞争方式全面研究,揭示橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的竞争方式和强度以及竞争等级,预测番石榴实蝇扩张成功的可能性,丰富实蝇种间竞争机制及入侵生物学的理论研究。具体研究结果如下:(1)橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇对番石榴Psidium guajava Linn.、香蕉Musa nana Lour.、杨桃Averrhoa carambola Linn.、木瓜Chaenomeles sinensis(Thouin)Koehne、甜橙Citrus sinensis(Linn.)Osbeck、番茄Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.共6种寄主果实的选择与适应性。研究结果显示,两种实蝇对不同供试方式的寄主的选择有明显差异,对寄主气味选择性强的寄主更适合于两种实蝇后代的生长发育;可能由于橘小实蝇的产卵管明显长于番石榴实蝇的,因此对甜橙等果皮较厚的寄主具有更强的适应性。结果还显示,不能采用单一的发育参数(如发育历期、存活率或蛹重等)作为评价实蝇寄主适应性的指标。两种实蝇对6种寄主果实的产卵选择和幼虫取食适合性既具相似性也具差异性,表明这两种实蝇在寄主生态位上既有重叠性又有分化性。(2)橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇幼虫阶段的资源利用竞争。研究结果显示,无论种内竞争还是种间竞争,种群密度越高,竞争越激烈;主要表现为化蛹率和羽化率不断下降、幼虫历期逐渐缩短、蛹历期不断延长和蛹逐渐变轻。在幼虫人工饲料中的种内竞争,明确了两种实蝇的最宜密度均在5~20头虫/10 g饲料之间。两种实蝇种内竞争的密度效应极具相似性,说明它们有类似的种群调节机制。两种实蝇在人工饲料和番石榴中的种间竞争结果显示,在相等种群数量的情况下,尽管番石榴实蝇比橘小实蝇的幼虫拥有更强的抗拥挤能力,但橘小实蝇表现出比番石榴实蝇更强的竞争能力,主要表现在橘小实蝇幼虫加快发育速度争取竞争优势,最后提高了自身的蛹重和存活率,抑制了对方的蛹重和存活率,在番石榴中竞争强度尤其显著。(3)橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇静态阶段的种间竞争。橘小实蝇与番石榴实蝇的卵同龄等量混合,对彼此卵的历期和孵化率没有影响。而将两种实蝇的蛹按不同的蛹龄进行混合,当橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的蛹为新鲜蛹时,分别与比它们蛹龄大一天的对方蛹混合,最后它们蛹的羽化率分别为87.67±3.61%和84.33±2.56%,显著小于对照的。说明在此混合蛹处理中,后化蛹者发育可能受到先化蛹者的抑制。(4)橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的产卵竞争。研究结果显示,两种实蝇产卵干涉行为在种间竞争中起的作用不大,可以忽略。两种实蝇对同一寄主短时间内产卵竞争,橘小实蝇尽可能的通过增加产卵孔数试图在寄主上更快更多的占领空间。在同一寄主中长时间内产卵竞争,无论面对哪种寄主,与番石榴实蝇共存,更多的情况是促进橘小实蝇在寄主上产更多的卵;而对于番石榴实蝇来说,与橘小实蝇共存,更多的情况是抑制了其在共同寄主中羽化出虫的数量。两种实蝇对已被产卵寄主的识别能力比较相似,对新鲜卵粒的识别能力较差,当寄主中含有600粒以上的卵时,雌蝇在其上继续产卵的数量才会被抑制;而且几乎均无法辨别同种卵和异种卵;当寄主中的卵已基本孵化为幼虫时,对后续实蝇的产卵行为才产生了非常显著的抑制作用。因此,寄主中实蝇幼虫的存在是抵制后续实蝇在其上继续产卵的主要原因。多种寄主混合共存时,两种实蝇的产卵分布显示,橘小实蝇优先占领它们共同喜欢的寄主番石榴,而番石榴实蝇只能退而求其次,更多的雌虫去选择它们次喜欢的寄主杨桃了。(5)橘小实蝇和番石榴实蝇的生殖干扰。两种实蝇的交配节律具有高度的重叠性,均集中在黄昏,番石榴实蝇雄虫和橘小实蝇雌虫发生不对称交配,杂交的交配节律与自交节律相同。两种实蝇的杂交行为具有客观普遍性,但不具有专一属性。无论番石榴实蝇雄虫和橘小实蝇雌虫混合时种群密度大小、以何种组合混合、各自有过怎样的交配经历等,均不影响两种实蝇杂交行为的发生,此外,杂交比例通常为20%以上;而且当两种实蝇的成虫日龄不到3个星期或者超过6个星期,杂交比例还会更多,甚至可以达到自交数量。两种实蝇自交的交配持续时间很相近,以3个星期的成虫为准,平均都是4个多小时,而杂交的交配持续时间则平均为1个多小时。但是,最重要的一点是杂交无后代。两种实蝇不管是自交还是杂交,交配过的成虫无时间间隔再次交配时,交配虫数少于无交配过的成虫。将两种实蝇等量混合饲养,对彼此成虫寿命无明显影响;但降低了两种雌虫产卵初期的产卵量,即两种实蝇推迟了彼此的产卵前期。因此,两种实蝇的不对称交配行为对彼此的生殖均有一定的消极影响。(6)橘小实蝇及番石榴实蝇与地中海实蝇的种间竞争关系。研究结果显示,在两种果实蝇与地中海实蝇没有交配干扰现象。但是,三种实蝇在均适宜的温度下和均喜欢的寄主番石榴上进行产卵竞争,两种果实蝇对地中海实蝇种群有显著的抑制作用,尽管如此,但以两种果实蝇与地中海实蝇的种间竞争强度,仅靠果实蝇属昆虫难以真正抵御地中海实蝇在我国的发生。此外,橘小实蝇比番石榴实蝇对地中海实蝇的抑制作用明显。综上所述,橘小实蝇是三种实蝇中竞争能力最强的种类,只要在双方均适宜的条件下发生竞争,橘小实蝇的确具有很强的竞争优势。但无论与番石榴实蝇的种间竞争还是与地中海实蝇的种间竞争,其强度都不足以抑制对方的发生;而且在对方更适宜而不适宜橘小实蝇的条件下,对方则可能反败为胜。最后推断,番石榴实蝇有可能侵入橘小实蝇的发生区,与之共存,但通常情况下种群数量难以超越橘小实蝇。
[Abstract]:The competition between alien invasive species and local species with similar niche is an important factor in determining the success of invasive species. In history, there have been many competing dominant species competing to replace local competition and inferior species. Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel and Bactrocera correcta Bezz of guava I is a quarantinable pest of the Tephritidae fruit fly of the family of Diptera, Diptera musca, which is an economically important quarantine pest of the genus Bactrocera. The former is a species of invasion and colonization in China, and it belongs to the number one pest in China, which is widely distributed and seriously harmful. The latter intruded into the mainland of China in the 80s of last century, although it is rarely distributed in China at present. There are many regions, but they also have great harm and potential for further diffusion. The niche overlap of two kinds of fly flies is obvious. Interspecific competition will become the main ecological relationship of their domain distribution and the important challenge for the further expansion of guava fly. Therefore, this paper uses competition and behavior to interfere in the two categories of competition through competition and behavior. A comprehensive study was conducted to reveal the competitive pattern, intensity and competition level of the fruit fly and the guava fly, to predict the possibility of successful expansion of the fly, and to enrich the theoretical research on the interspecific competition mechanism and invasive biology of the fly. The results are as follows: (1) the fruit fly and the guava fly to guava Psidium guajava Linn., banana Musa Nana Lour., carambola Averrhoa carambola Linn., papaya Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne, sweet orange Citrus, and the selection and adaptability of 6 host fruits. The host odor selective host is more suitable for the growth and development of the offspring of the two species; probably because the oviposition tube of the fruit fly is obviously longer than the pomegranate fly, so it is more adaptable to the thicker host of the orange peel. The result also shows that a single developmental parameter (such as the developmental period, survival rate or pupal weight) can not be used. As an index for evaluating the host adaptability of the fly, the selection of egg laying and the appropriateness of the larvae feeding on the two species of the 6 host fruit were both similar and different, indicating that the two species of flies were both overlapping and differentiated in host niche. (2) the resource utilization competition of the larvae stage of the fruit fly and the Musca Musca. The results showed that the higher the population density, the higher the population density, the higher the population density, the higher the population density, the decrease of the pupation rate, the decreasing of the larval calendar period, the prolongation of the pupae period and the gradual light of the pupae. The most suitable density of the two kinds of flies in the artificial feed of the larva was that the 5~20 cephelite /10 g feed was confirmed. Between the two species of flies, the density effect of intraspecific competition is very similar, indicating that they have a similar population regulation mechanism. The interspecific competition results of two species of fly in artificial feed and guava show that, in the case of equal population, although the larvae of the guava fly have stronger anti crowding ability than the larvae of the tangerine fly, but the tangerine is small. The fly showed a stronger competitive ability than the pomegranate fly, which was mainly manifested in the rapid development speed of the larvae of the fruit fly, which finally raised its pupal weight and survival rate, inhibited the pupae weight and survival rate of the other side, and was particularly competitive in guava. (3) the interspecific race of the fruit fly and the guava fly in the static stage of the guava. There is no influence on the duration and hatchability of the eggs at the same age of the same age, and the pupae of the two flies is mixed at different pupae ages. When the pupae of the fruit fly and the guava fly are fresh pupae, they are mixed with the other pupae, which are one day older than their pupae, and finally the percentage of their pupae is divided. It is 87.67 + 3.61% and 84.33 + 2.56%, which is significantly less than the control. It shows that in the mixed pupae, the development of the pupation may be inhibited by the pupation first. (4) the egg production competition of the fruit fly and the guava. The results show that the interference behavior of the two kinds of fly eggs in the interspecific competition is not significant, and can be ignored. Two kinds of flies can be ignored. For the same host in a short period of spawning competition, the tangerine flies try to occupy more space faster by increasing the number of spawning holes in the host. In the same host, the oviposition competition, no matter which host, coexist with the guava fly, is more likely to promote the more eggs of the fruit fly on the host; In the case of the guava fly, coexistence with the tangerine fly is more likely to inhibit the number of feathered insects in the common host. The two flies have similar recognition ability to the eggs that have been spawned, and the ability to recognize fresh eggs is poor. When the host contains more than 600 eggs, the number of female flies continues to spawn. It is inhibited; and almost all of the same eggs and xenooocytes can not be identified; when the eggs in the host are basically hatched as larvae, they have a very significant inhibitory effect on the oviposition behavior of the subsequent flies. Therefore, the presence of the fly larvae in the host is the main reason for resistance to subsequent spawning in the host. When a variety of host hosts coexist, The oviposition distribution of the two flies showed that the fruit fly had priority to occupy the host guava they shared, and the guava fly could only retreat to the next, and more females chose their favorite host carambola. (5) the reproductive interference of the fruit fly and the guava. The mating rhythm of the two species of fly was highly overlapping. In the dusk, the male and citrus fruit flies are asymmetrical mating, and the mating rhythm of the hybrid is the same as that of the self crossing rhythm. The hybridization behavior of the two species is objective and universal, but does not have a special attribute. In addition, the hybridization ratio is usually more than 20%, and the proportion of the two species of flies is less than 3 weeks or more than 6 weeks, and the proportion of the two flies will be more, even the number of self crossings. The mating duration of the two fly flies is very similar. The average duration of 3 weeks is more than 4 hours, and the average duration of mating is more than 1 hours. However, the most important thing is that there is no offspring. The two species of flies are self or hybrid, and the number of mating adults is less than that of the non mating adults when they have no time interval. Two kinds of fly flies. The same amount of mixed feeding had no obvious effect on the life span of each other, but reduced the amount of egg laying in the early stage of oviposition of two species of female, that is, two kinds of flies postponed each other's proproduction. Therefore, the asymmetric mating behavior of the two species of flies had certain negative effects on each other's reproduction. (6) the species of tangerine fly and guava fly and the Mediterranean fly. The results showed that there were no mating interference between the two species of fruit flies and the Mediterranean fly. However, the three species of flies were competitive at the appropriate temperature and on the host guava. The two species of fruit flies had significant inhibitory effects on the population of the Mediterranean fly, but in spite of this, two fruit flies and the ground were in the ground. The interspecific competition intensity of the fly is difficult to withstand the occurrence of the Mediterranean fly in China only by the fruit flies. In addition, the fruit fly is more inhibited than the guava fly to the Mediterranean fly. To sum up, the fruit fly is the most competitive of the three species of fly, as long as it is suitable for both sides. In competition, tangerine flies do have a strong competitive advantage. However, no matter in competition with the species of guava or with the species of the Mediterranean fly, the strength is not enough to restrain each other's occurrence; and in the case that the other is more suitable and unsuitable for the fruit fly, the other is likely to defeat it. It may invade the occurrence area of oriental fruit fly, but it is usually difficult to surpass the oriental fruit fly.

【学位授予单位】：华南农业大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S433

【参考文献】