长期不同施肥对中性紫色土肥力变化的影响
本文选题:中性紫色土 + 长期施肥 ; 参考:《西南大学》2015年硕士论文
【摘要】:广布于四川盆地的紫色土,尤其是中性紫色土是一类养分含量丰富、适种作物广的一种特色土地资源,但几十年以来由于施肥和耕作等人为影响导致中性紫色土肥力出现不同程度的下降。因此,系统分析长期不同施肥对中性紫色土综合肥力的影响,阐明不同施肥措施对土壤肥力指标及综合肥力的演变规律,将有助于作物施肥管理和土壤培肥,为紫色土区农业的可持续发展提供科学依据和技术支撑。本文基于重庆国家紫色土肥力与肥料效益监测站的长期定位施肥试验,分析测定了代表性年份的主要土壤肥力指标,结合土壤养分平衡和作物产量,描述了中性紫色土长期不同施肥下的肥力演变,并对土壤综合肥力及可持续性进行了评价。结果表明:(1)中性紫色土是我国肥力相对较高的一类土壤,20多年不施肥仍然能获得4.9t/hm2的基础地力产量(其中水稻为3.6t/hm2、小麦为1.3t/hm2)。长期施用NPK化肥、及其与有机肥配合施用土壤有机质和氮素肥力提高、磷有效性提高,稻麦持续高产,能维持中性紫色土生产力和土壤肥力。氮磷钾不均衡施用尤其是缺氮或少磷,稻麦产量和化肥肥效逐年降低,土壤有机质下降,紫色土壤供应氮、磷、钾养分的能力逐年降低。(2)施用氮肥是稻麦高产的重要因素,但是氮肥不能连年单独施用。单施氮肥,其肥效和利用率均逐年下降;氮肥与磷钾肥配施,氮肥肥效稳定,水稻氮肥利用率20年平均为37%,小麦平均为35%。NPK以及NPK与有机肥配合施用减少了氮素损失,提高了稻麦氮肥的利用率。中性紫色土土壤氮平衡与氮肥施用量明显相关,却与土壤全氮或碱解氮关系不大,说明紫色土较难固持氮素,在氮素管理中应予以重视。(3)在水旱轮作下,20年稻麦轮作对磷肥的累积回收率为32%,即每投入100kg磷肥,累计被作物吸收32kg;磷素盈余量占68%。磷素盈余导致土壤有效磷急剧增加,每盈余100kg磷素,土壤有效磷增加2.3mg/kg。从目前施磷处理土壤有效磷的累积、磷素表观平衡和作物需求角度分析,稻麦磷肥管理可以采用维持性施用磷肥(即施磷量为作物磷带走量)。(4)与试验前相比,无论施钾与否紫色土全钾含量有降低的趋势;从钾素的收支平衡来看,除秸秆处理(S)、秸秆还田配施NPK (NPKS、(NPK)1.5S)的钾素有盈余外,其余处理钾素都亏缺。长期不施钾肥导致作物产量降低,施钾对产量的贡献率从第一个10年的7%,增加第二个10年的12%。从稳定作物产量和维持土壤钾肥力的角度而言,年度钾肥(K20)施用量应维持282kg/hm2。在我国钾资源贫乏的情况下,秸秆还田是减少土壤钾素亏缺和维持土壤钾素肥力的重要措施。(5)20年的稻麦耕种中,土壤有机质在耕层保持或略有提高,但导致了亚耕层(20-40cm)有机质的耗竭,有机无机配施或秸秆还田能减缓这一趋势。亚耕层土壤有机质的减少可能与浅耕、肥料浅施导致有机物料输入减少有关。因此,需要通过深耕深施或与深根作物轮作等措施维持或提高亚耕层土壤肥力,以维持紫色土生产力可持续性。(6)长期秸秆还田与化肥配施,具有明显的培肥增产效应。秸秆还田提高了土壤有机质和氮含量、维持了土壤钾素供应。长期秸秆还田与化肥配施在20年间获得了最高的稻麦产量,与单施化肥相比,水稻平均增产6%、小麦平均增产2%。(7)中性紫色土酸化严重,无论化肥配施或有机肥配施,土壤都出现了酸化,土壤pH值下降速率每年高达0.1个单位((NPK)clS处理);尤为严重的是,土壤酸化导致土壤一些重金属元素的有效性增强,20年间土壤有效锌含量增加一倍,有效重金属铅、镉含量增加明显。对于川、渝广大的紫色土区而言,除提高空气质量,减少酸沉降外,在农业措施方面应适量施用白云石、石灰等酸性土壤改良剂以阻控土壤酸化的趋势。(8)不同施肥对中性紫色土综合肥力影响显著。在初始10年,施肥明显提高了土壤综合肥力指数(IFI),但后10年不均衡施肥尤其是不施磷肥导致IFI明显降低,而秸秆还田配施NPK肥能维持甚至提高土壤肥力指数。耕作10年或耕作20年后土壤肥力指数与稻、麦及周年产量存在正相关,表明土壤肥力指数能一定程度上反映土壤综合肥力的变化。
[Abstract]:Purple soil widely distributed in the Sichuan basin, especially the neutral purple soil, is a kind of characteristic land resources with rich nutrient content and wide variety of seed crops. However, because of the influence of fertilization and tillage, the fertility of neutral purple soil has been reduced to varying degrees in different degrees for decades. Therefore, the comprehensive analysis of long-term Different Fertilization on neutral purple soil has been systematically analyzed. The influence of fertility, clarifying the evolution of soil fertility index and comprehensive fertility by different fertilization measures will be helpful to crop fertilization management and soil fertilization, and provide scientific basis and technical support for the sustainable development of agriculture in purple soil area. Based on the long-term positioning fertilization test of Chongqing National Purple Soil Fertility and fertilizer efficiency monitoring station The main soil fertility index of the representative year was analyzed and analyzed. Combining soil nutrient balance and crop yield, the fertility evolution of neutral purple soil under long-term fertilization was described, and the comprehensive fertility and sustainability of the soil were evaluated. The results showed that (1) neutral purple soil was a kind of soil with relatively high fertility in China, more than 20 No fertilization can still obtain the basic productivity of 4.9t/hm2 (of which rice is 3.6t/hm2, wheat is 1.3t/hm2). Long-term application of NPK fertilizer, and the increase of soil organic matter and nitrogen fertiliser with organic manure, increase of phosphorus availability, continuous high yield of rice and wheat, maintenance of medium purple soil productivity and soil fertility, and unbalance application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. In particular, the yield of rice and wheat and fertilizer efficiency decreased year by year, soil organic matter decreased, and the ability to supply nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in purple soil decreased year by year. (2) nitrogen fertilizer was an important factor for high yield of rice and wheat, but nitrogen fertilizer could not be applied alone for years. The fertilizer efficiency and utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer were decreased year by year; nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus potassium were reduced. The fertilizer efficiency was stable and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate of rice was 37% in 20 years. The average of 35%.NPK and the combination of NPK and organic fertilizer decreased the nitrogen loss and increased the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. It is difficult to hold nitrogen and attach importance to nitrogen management. (3) under the water and drought rotation, the cumulative recovery rate of 20 year rice wheat rotation to phosphate fertilizer is 32%, that is, each input 100kg phosphate fertilizer is absorbed by the crop 32kg, and the surplus of phosphorus to 68%. phosphorus surplus leads to the rapid increase of effective phosphorus in the soil, the per surplus 100kg phosphorus, and the increase of 2.3mg/kg. in the soil available phosphorus. From the current accumulation of available phosphorus in soil, apparent balance of phosphorus and the angle of crop demand, the management of rice and wheat phosphate fertilizer can be maintained by the maintenance of phosphate fertilizer (i.e. the amount of phosphorus as the crop to take away the amount of phosphorus). (4) the total potassium content of the purple soil is lower than that before the test. Culm treatment (S), straw returning with NPK (NPKS, (NPK) 1.5S) of potassium has surplus, and the rest of the potash are deficient. Long-term non potash fertilizer leads to the decrease of crop yield. The contribution rate of potassium fertilizer to yield is from 7% in the first 10 years, and the annual potassium fertilizer (K20) is increased by second 10 year 12%. from the angle of stable yield and the maintenance of Soil Potassium Fertility. The application amount should maintain 282kg/hm2. in the case of poor potassium resources in China. Straw returning is an important measure to reduce soil potassium deficiency and maintain soil potassium fertility. (5) in 20 years of rice and wheat cultivation, soil organic matter is maintained or improved slightly in the plough layer, but it leads to the depletion of the organic matter in the subtilling layer (20-40cm), organic inorganic application or straw return. The decrease of soil organic matter in the subsoil may be related to the reduction of organic material input by shallow plowing and shallow fertilizer application. Therefore, it is necessary to maintain or improve the soil fertility of the subsoil by deep ploughing or deep root crop rotation to maintain the sustainability of the purple soil. (6) long term straw returning and fertilizer matching. The straw returned to the field improved the soil organic matter and nitrogen content and maintained the soil potassium supply. Long term straw returning and fertilizer application had the highest yield of rice and wheat during the 20 years. Compared with the single fertilizer, the average yield of rice increased by 6%, and the average yield of wheat increased by 2%. (7), no matter fertilizer. The soil has acidification and the soil pH value decline rate is up to 0.1 units (NPK) clS treatment each year. The soil acidification is especially serious, the soil acidification leads to the increase of some heavy metals in soil, the soil effective zinc content doubles in 20 years, the effective heavy metal lead, the cadmium content increase obviously. For Sichuan, Chongqing Guangzhou In the large purple soil area, in addition to improving the air quality and reducing the acid settlement, the application of dolomite, lime and other acid soil amelioration agents to prevent soil acidification should be applied to agricultural measures. (8) the effect of different fertilization on the comprehensive fertility of neutral purple soil was significant. In the initial 10 years, fertilization significantly improved the soil comprehensive fertility index (IFI). However, in the last 10 years, unbalanced fertilization, especially without phosphate fertilizer, significantly reduced IFI, while straw returning with NPK fertilizer could maintain or even increase soil fertility index. After 10 years of cultivation or 20 years of cultivation, soil fertility index was positively correlated with rice, wheat and annual yield, indicating that soil fertility index could reflect the change of soil comprehensive fertility to a certain extent.
【学位授予单位】:西南大学
【学位级别】:硕士
【学位授予年份】:2015
【分类号】:S158
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