缓控尿素的制备及其在土壤中养分释放特性

发布时间：2018-05-07 01:37

本文选题：缓控尿素 + 土壤氮　；参考：《吉林农业大学》2016年硕士论文

【摘要】：土壤氮素的丰缺是作物生长发育和产量形成最主要的限制因子之一,同时也对作物优质高产起着重要作用。尿素是目前较理想的化学氮肥,含氮量高、污染小、适合多种不同类型土壤和植物。然而由于普通尿素本身质轻、易潮解、溶解快、肥效低等特点,导致其养分极易损失。针对普通尿素的缺点,本文通过对普通尿素进行处理,制备三种不同粒级缓控尿素(自制缓控尿素HKN1、HKN2、HKN),并以两种包膜尿素(改性玉米淀粉包膜尿素YMN、榕风控释配方肥料BMN)作对比,通过室内淋溶试验、培养试验等,验证缓控尿素的物理性质,养分释放性能,对种子、幼苗影响。通过田间试验和盆栽试验验证缓控尿素施入土壤后对土壤有机态氮,无机态氮以及作物生长和春玉米、白菜产量品质的影响,等氮量条件下,结果如下:(1)HKN、YMN、BMN处理全氮总淋失量显著小于普通尿素处理,铵态氮的淋失量也呈现相同的规律,而硝态氮和酰胺态氮淋失量则表现为普通尿素高于HKN、YMN、BMN处理;随淋洗次数增加,各处理淋溶液的pH呈先上升后下降趋势,pH变化范围在5.89~8.68之间;EC大体呈下降趋势,变化范围是0.16~3.70 mS.cm-1,在第五次淋洗后其值变化很小,逐渐趋于稳定;培养试验结果表明,HKN、YMN、BMN处理施入土壤后氨挥发积累量显著小于普通尿素处理,氨挥发速率大小为CGNYMNHKNBMN,各处理以HKN和BMN处理效果较好。(2)不同生育时期HKN、YMN、CGN(市售普通小颗粒尿素)处理土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量大体呈下降趋势,而BMN处理硝态氮含量是增高的,铵态氮含量则是先下降后上升;不同生育时期缓控尿素处理土壤酰胺态氮含量明显高于普通尿素和空白处理,成熟期时以HKN、BMN处理表现最优。微生物量氮变化规律与酰胺态氮相似,BMN处理含量最高,HKN次之,这表明缓控尿素氮素释放速度缓慢,在成熟期时仍有较多的残留氮素供微生物利用;从抽雄期到成熟期土壤碱解氮含量大体呈下降趋势,但缓控尿素处理下降幅度较慢。全氮变化趋势与碱解氮相似,BMN处理在成熟期时要高于灌浆期。三个不同生育时期均以BMN、HKN处理含量最高,表明其缓控性能很好。盆栽试验中随着生育期推进,土壤硝态氮含量大体呈下降趋势,缓控尿素处理下降幅度要小于普通尿素和空白处理。铵态氮含量从幼苗期到收获期呈“V”型变化趋势。与普通尿素和CK比,缓控尿素土壤全氮含量变化幅度较小,在收获期HKN1和HKN2处理出现小幅增高现象。(3)不同生育时期土壤酸解总氮大体呈先下降后上升的趋势,所占全氮比例呈下降趋势,而非酸解氮则与其相反。与CK(不施肥)比,施肥处理酸解总氮含量显著增高,且缓控尿素处理要优于普通尿素处理。施氮处理中缓控尿素和包膜尿素处理有机氮组分含量整体高于普通尿素处理,所占全氮比例则无明显的规律性。不同机氮组分含量为:酸解未知氮氨态氮氨基酸氮氨基糖氮。施氮处理的土壤氨态氮、氨基酸氮、酸解未知氮以及非酸解氮的含量均高于CK处理,而氨基糖氮则无此规律性。与对照比,不同缓控尿素对土壤有机氮组分含量影响显著,能够提高总有机氮含量。(4)不同缓控尿素对春玉米种子发芽和幼苗生长均没有明显的影响。而追肥后对春玉米株高、穗部性状、中期根冠比、籽粒产量、品质及养分含量均有不同程度的影响。追施不同缓控尿素后,株高产生明显差异,穗部性状较CK均有一定量的增加,且降低中期根冠比。缓控尿素(HKN)处理籽粒产量最高,各处理籽粒产量较CK处理分别增加了12.74%,12.14%,8.03%,9.52%,籽粒中淀粉、粗蛋白含量较CK均有所增加,这表明缓控尿素提高了春玉米籽粒品质。与CK比缓控尿素的施入促进了籽粒对磷、钾元素的吸收。因此,自制缓控尿素提高了春玉米产量、品质。高产量、品质表明自制缓控尿素具有较好的经济性,具备推广可行性。(5)与普通尿素比,缓控尿素的施用提高了白菜单株产量,其中以HKN1、HKN2、BMN处理重量表现最优,各处理白菜单株质量高低顺序为:HKN2HKN1BMNHKNYMNCGNCK。降低了叶片硝态氮的含量,降幅为29.71%~50.95%。施用缓控尿素提高了白菜叶片中全氮、全磷、全钾的含量,其中以HKN2处理整体表现最佳。同时,施用缓控尿素的白菜品质指标要高于CGN(普通尿素)处理,即施用缓控尿素较普通尿素比提高了白菜叶片还原糖,糖酸比和Vc的含量,降低有机酸百分含量,提高白菜品质。
[Abstract]:The abundance of soil nitrogen is one of the most important limiting factors for crop growth and yield formation, and it also plays an important role in high quality and high yield of crops. Urea is the ideal chemical nitrogen fertilizer at present. It has high nitrogen content and small pollution. It is suitable for various types of soil and plants. However, the common urea itself is light, easy to tide and dissolve quickly. Low fertilizer and low efficiency, resulting in its very easy loss of nutrients. Aiming at the shortcomings of ordinary urea, this paper prepared three kinds of different grain level urea (self-made slow controlled urea HKN1, HKN2, HKN) by treatment of ordinary urea, and compared with two kinds of coated urea (modified corn starch coated urine YMN, banyan wind controlled release formula fertilizer BMN) and through indoor drenching. The results were as follows: (1) HKN (1) HKN. The effects of slow controlled urea on soil organic nitrogen, inorganic nitrogen, crop growth and spring maize, yield and quality of spring corn, and the yield and quality of Chinese cabbage were tested by field test and pot experiment. The total nitrogen leaching loss of YMN and BMN was significantly less than that of ordinary urea treatment, and the leaching amount of ammonium nitrogen also showed the same rule, while the nitrate and amide nitrogen leaching loss was higher than that of HKN, YMN, BMN treatment. With the increase of the number of leaching, the pH of the leaching solution increased first and then decreased, and the pH range was between 5.89~8.68. EC showed a downward trend, and the range of change was 0.16~3.70 mS.cm-1. After fifth leaching, its value changed little and gradually stabilized. The result of culture test showed that the ammonia volatilization accumulation of HKN, YMN, BMN treatment was significantly smaller than that of ordinary urea treatment, and the ammonia volatilization rate was CGNYMNHKNBMN, and the treatment with HKN and BMN was better. (2) HKN, YMN, CGN (commercially available small granular urea) treatment of soil nitrate nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen content generally declined, while BMN treatment of nitrate nitrogen content was increased, ammonium nitrogen content was first decreased and then increased; the content of amide nitrogen in soil of slow controlled urea at different growth stages was significantly higher than that of ordinary urea and blank treatment. In the mature period, the performance of HKN and BMN was the best. The variation of microbial biomass nitrogen was similar to that of amido nitrogen. The content of BMN treatment was the highest and HKN was the highest. This indicates that the release rate of nitrogen in the slow controlled urea is slow, and there are still more residual nitrogen for the use of microorganisms at the mature stage. However, the slow control urea treatment decreased slowly. The change trend of total nitrogen was similar to that of alkali hydrolysable nitrogen. BMN treatment was higher than the filling stage at maturity. The three different growth periods were BMN, HKN was the highest, indicating that its inhibition performance was very good. The decrease was less than ordinary urea and blank treatment. The content of ammonium nitrogen showed a "V" trend from seedling to harvest period. Compared with ordinary urea and CK, the total nitrogen content of soil in slowly controlled urea soil changed slightly, and HKN1 and HKN2 in the harvest period increased slightly. (3) the total nitrogen of soil acidolysis at different growth stages was in the first place. The proportion of total nitrogen decreased, but that of non acid nitrogen was the opposite. Compared with CK (no fertilizer), the content of total nitrogen in the treatment was significantly higher, and the treatment of slowly controlled urea was better than that of ordinary urea treatment. The content of organic nitrogen components in treatment of urea and coated urea in nitrogen treatment was higher than that of ordinary urea treatment. The content of the total nitrogen was no obvious regularity. The content of nitrogen and nitrogen amino acid nitrogen, amino nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, acid nitrogen, acid hydrolysable nitrogen and non acid nitrogen were higher than that of CK treatment, while amino sugar and nitrogen had no regularity. The content of organic nitrogen is significant and can improve the total organic nitrogen content. (4) different slow controlled urea has no obvious influence on the germination and seedling growth of spring maize, and the effect on spring maize plant height, ear character, mid-term root and crown ratio, grain yield, quality and nutrient content have different degrees. There was a significant difference in plant height, the ear characters were increased to a certain amount, and the ratio of medium to root and crown was reduced by CK. The yield of HKN was highest. The grain yield of each treatment increased by 12.74%, 12.14%, 8.03%, 9.52% respectively. The content of starch and crude protein in grain increased as compared with that of CK, which indicated that the slow controlled urea increased spring corn. Grain quality. The application of slow controlled urea to CK promoted the absorption of phosphorus and potassium. Therefore, self controlled urea improved the yield, quality and high yield of spring maize. The quality showed that the self-made urea had better economy and had the feasibility to popularize. (5) the application of slow controlled urea and the application of slow controlled urea improved the yield of single plant in Chinese cabbage. The weight performance of HKN1, HKN2 and BMN was the best. The order of individual plant quality in each treatment was as follows: HKN2HKN1BMNHKNYMNCGNCK. reduced the content of nitrate nitrogen in leaves and reduced the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium in leaves of cabbage with slow controlled urea 29.71%~50.95%., in which the overall performance of HKN2 treatment was the best. At the same time, application of slow control was applied. The quality index of urea in Chinese cabbage is higher than that of CGN (ordinary urea), that is to say, the application of slow controlled urea to the common urea ratio improves the reducing sugar, the ratio of sugar and acid and the content of Vc, the content of organic acid and the quality of Chinese cabbage.

【学位授予单位】：吉林农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：S143.14

【参考文献】