秸秆还田及氮肥运筹对土壤肥力及冬小麦氮素利用的调控

发布时间：2018-05-07 22:01

本文选题：冬小麦 + 秸秆还田　；参考：《山东农业大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：为了研究秸秆还田条件下合理的氮肥运筹对土壤肥力及冬小麦氮素利用的影响,从而为黄淮东部秸秆还田增产增效及培肥地力提供理论和技术支撑,以冬小麦济麦22(JM22)为材料,于2014 2016年两个小麦生长季通过田间定位试验,采用裂区设计,主区为秸秆处理:分别设置秸秆还田(S1)和无秸秆还田(S0)两个处理;副区为氮肥处理:设置施氮水平分别为0 kg hm-2(N1)、180 kg hm-2(N2)、240 kg hm-2(N3)、300 kg hm-2(N4)四个氮肥水平,基追比例均为1:1。另在施氮量为240 kg hm-2的基础上,设置三个氮肥基追比例分别为7:3(T1)、5:5(T2)及3:7(T3),共12个处理。结果表明,秸秆还田显著降低了0-10 cm土层土壤容重,降低幅度为3.57%-6.00%,显著提高了其孔隙度,提高幅度为3.53%-6.47%;随施氮量及追肥比例的升高0-10 cm土层土壤容重有降低的趋势,相对的土壤孔隙度有上升的趋势,秸秆还田及氮肥运筹对下层土壤的影响程度要远小于上层土壤。与无秸秆还田相比较秸秆还田显著提高了0-30cm土层土壤有机质的含量,各施氮量提高幅度分别为2.41%、8.98%、25.61%以及34.31%,且随施氮量的升高有机质含量有逐渐升高的趋势。对于无秸秆还田处理0-30 cm土层土壤有机质含量随施氮量的升高有下降的趋势。秸秆还田及施氮量对于30-60 cm土层土壤有机质含量无显著影响。对于不同基追比例来说,提高比例分别为6.49%、5.54%、5.86%,且以氮肥基追比例为7:3处理提高幅度最大,提高基肥比例有利于增加秸秆还田条件下30-60 cm土层有机质含量。秸秆还田显著提高冬小麦花后旗叶SPAD值,同一时期SPAD值随施氮量的增加而增加。与单施氮肥相比较,秸秆还田配施不同量氮肥提高了花后干物质积累比例,增加幅度为0.24% 6.75%,提高施肥量有利于冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量的提高。对于基追比例试验表明秸秆还田配施不同基追比例的氮肥提高了花后干物质积累比例,增加幅度为3.22% 18.5%,提高基肥施用比例有利于冬小麦全生育期干物质积累总量的提高。秸秆还田配施适量氮肥显著提高了冬小麦氮效率,提高幅度为8.84%-14.68%。秸秆还田配施不同基追比例的氮肥提高了冬小麦的氮素利用效率及氮素收获指数,均以氮肥基追比例为7:3处理增幅最大,分别达到11.08%和5.21%。与单施氮肥相比较,秸秆还田优化氮素在各个器官中的分配,有利于提高营养器官氮素再转运对籽粒氮素积累的贡献率。秸秆还田配施适量氮肥增加了穗粒数及千粒重最终达到提高产量的目的。秸秆还田配施较高比例基肥,显著提高了亩穗数与千粒重最终产量高于单施氮肥处理,以氮肥基追比例7:3的处理产量最高。因此,建议在与本试验自然环境及生产条件相似的地区,秸秆全量粉碎还田条件下配施氮肥240 kg hm-2并适当增加基肥比例是可兼顾效率、环境及产量的一条途径。
[Abstract]:In order to study the effect of reasonable nitrogen fertilizer application on soil fertility and nitrogen utilization of winter wheat under the condition of straw returning to the field, so as to provide theoretical and technical support for increasing yield and soil fertility of winter wheat in the east of Huanghuai, the winter wheat JM22 was used as the material. In 2014 ~ 2016 two wheat growing seasons passed the field positioning experiment, adopting the split area design, the main area was straw treatment: two treatments: the straw returning to the field S1) and the no straw returning to the field S0); The secondary area was nitrogen fertilizer treatment: the nitrogen application level was 0 kg / h ~ (-2) N _ (1) and 180 kg 路h ~ (-2) N _ (2) N _ (2) N _ (4) respectively) four nitrogen fertilizer levels of 240 kg 路h ~ (-2) N _ (3) N ~ (3 +) and 300 kg 路h ~ (-2) N _ (4), the ratio of base to topdressing was 1: 1. In addition, on the basis of 240kg hm-2, there were 12 treatments with three N fertilizer base topdressing ratios of 7: 3T1 and 5: 5T2) and 3: 7T3 respectively. The results showed that the soil bulk density of 0-10 cm soil layer was significantly reduced by straw returning, and the soil bulk density of 0-10 cm soil layer decreased with the increase of nitrogen application amount and topdressing ratio, and the porosity was significantly increased by 3.53 -6.47, and the soil bulk density was decreased by 3.57 ~ 6.00%. The relative porosity of soil increased, and the effect of straw returning and nitrogen fertilizer application on the lower soil was much smaller than that on the upper soil. Compared with that without straw returning, the content of organic matter in 0-30cm soil layer was significantly increased, and the nitrogen application rates were 2.41%, 25.61% and 34.31%, respectively, and the content of organic matter increased gradually with the increase of nitrogen application rate. The content of organic matter in 0-30 cm soil layer decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rate. There was no significant effect on soil organic matter content in 30-60 cm soil layer by straw return and nitrogen application. For different ratio of base and topdressing, the proportion of increase was 6.495.54 / 5.86. the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer to topdressing was 7:3, and the increase of the ratio of basal fertilizer was beneficial to increase the content of organic matter in 30-60 cm soil layer under the condition of straw returning to the field. The SPAD value of flag leaves of winter wheat after anthesis was significantly increased by straw returning to the field, and the SPAD value increased with the increase of nitrogen application rate in the same period. Compared with the single application of nitrogen fertilizer, the dry matter accumulation ratio after flowering was increased by 0.24% or 6.75%, and the total dry matter accumulation during the whole growth period of winter wheat was improved by applying different amount of nitrogen fertilizer with straw returning to the field. The results of basal topdressing experiment showed that the ratio of dry matter accumulation after anthesis was increased by 3.22% and 18.5by applying nitrogen fertilizer with different ratio of basal topdressing and straw returning to the field, and increasing the proportion of basal fertilizer was beneficial to the increase of total dry matter accumulation during the whole growth period of winter wheat. The nitrogen efficiency of winter wheat was significantly improved by applying appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer to the field with straw returning to the field, and the range was 8.84-14.68. The nitrogen utilization efficiency and nitrogen harvest index of winter wheat were improved by applying nitrogen fertilizer with different ratio of base and topdressing to the field, with the largest increase of 11.08% and 5.21% when the ratio of nitrogen fertilizer base and topdressing was 7:3, respectively. Compared with single application of nitrogen fertilizer, straw returning to the field to optimize the distribution of nitrogen in each organ was beneficial to increase the contribution rate of nitrogen re-transport to grain nitrogen accumulation in vegetative organs. The grain number per spike and 1000-grain weight were increased by applying appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer to the field with straw returning to the field, and the yield was finally increased. The yield of ear number and 1000-grain weight per mu was significantly higher than that of single nitrogen fertilizer application, and the yield of the treatment with 7:3 ratio of nitrogen fertilizer topdressing was the highest. Therefore, it is suggested that in areas similar to the natural environment and production conditions of the experiment, it is a way to combine the application of 240kg hm-2 with nitrogen fertilizer and increase the proportion of basal fertilizer properly under the condition of full straw crushing and returning to the field, which can give consideration to efficiency, environment and yield.
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S158;S512.11

【参考文献】